Музей ЧерномырдинаГадалка (картина Караваджо). Гадалка караваджо картина
Описание картины Караваджо «Гадалка (1595)»
Данная картина относится к бытовому жанру и впервые была упомянута биографами художника. На полотне изображена молодая девушка, являющаяся цыганкой. На её лице можно рассмотреть лёгкую улыбку, в которой скрывается желание одурачить молодого человека, предсказав ему судьбу и поведав будущее. Герой картины – выходец из знатной семьи, который увлечённо смотрит на симпатичную девушку, держащую его за руку. Он кажется наивным и заинтересованным, с интересом ожидая от девушки предсказания. Но молодой человек не замечает, что та собирается обмануть его.
Удивительной деталью, которую очень сложно заметить, является момент кражи. Цыганка, отвлекая парня своим взглядом, снимает с его пальца золотое кольцо, но он не видит этого, не ожидая подобного подвоха. Герой произведения одет в богатое платье, говорящее о его самовлюблённости. Это помогает девушке раскрыть тайну его характера и максимально отвлечь от всего происходящего. По словам критиков, Караваджо, написав эту картину, хотел показать то, что сюжеты и события, взятые из реальной жизни, могут быть интересными и нести в себе глубину и смысл.
Перед созданием картины художник пригласил к себе молодую цыганку, которая владеет умением предсказывать будущее. Он попросил её продемонстрировать, как именно она читает по руке и рассказывает о том, что должно произойти с человеком. Сам мастер изобразил того, кому она должна гадать. Таким образом, он хотел проникнуться моментом и как можно лучше прочувствовать происходящее. Главной целью Караваджо было добиться наибольшего реализма, который читается в выражении лиц, поведении героев, их одеждах и движениях. Художник использовал резкое противопоставление света и тени, что делало его полотна объёмными и живыми. Его творчество оказало огромное влияние на таких художников, как Рубенс, Веласкес, Рембрандт и другие.
Гадалка (картина Караваджо) — Википедия
| |
| Караваджо | |
| Гадалка. ок. 1594 | |
| итал. Buona ventura | |
| Холст, масло. 115 × 150 см | |
| Капитолийские музеи, Рим, Италия | |
| (инв. INV 55) | |
 Изображения на Викискладе |
| |
| Караваджо | |
| Гадалка (вторая версия). ок. 1595 | |
| Холст, масло. 93 × 131 см | |
| Лувр, Париж, Франция | |
| (инв. INV 55) | |
| Изображения на Викискладе |
«Гада́лка» — картина Микеланджело Меризи да Караваджо. Существует в двух версиях. Первая хранится в Капитолийских музеях, вторая — в Лувре. Точная датировка картин остаётся предметом дискуссий.
Оп
Гадалка (картина Караваджо) — WiKi
На картине изображён щёгольски одетый юноша, которому гадает по руке цыганка. Оба выглядят весьма довольными друг другом, обмениваясь благосклонными взглядами, хотя простодушный молодой человек не замечает, что гадалка ловко стягивает с него кольцо.
Биограф Караваджо Джованни Пьетро Беллори сообщает, что художник намеренно разыскал на улице подходящую цыганку, чтобы продемонстрировать отказ использовать в качестве модели античную скульптуру, как это было принято в то время:
Когда ему напоминали о знаменитейших статуях Фидия и Гликона, как образцах для учения, он вместо ответа указывал пальцем на толпу людей, говоря, что достаточно учиться у природы. А для подтверждения своих слов зазвал он на постоялый двор проходившую случайно по улице цыганку и написал её, как предсказывает она будущее по обычаю женщин египетского племени. Написал он там и молодого человека, который одну руку в перчатке положил на эфес шпаги, другую же, без перчатки, протянул цыганке, и та внимательно на неё смотрит, и столь чисто выразив правду в обеих полуфигурах, Микеле свои слова этим подтвердил[1].«Гадалка» вызвала значительный интерес у римских молодых художников и коллекционеров, однако, согласно Манчини, нищета Караваджо вынудила его продать картину за скромную сумму в восемь скудо. Она вошла в коллекцию богатого банкира и знатока живописи маркиза Винченцо Джустиниани, ставшего впоследствии покровителем Караваджо. Друг Джустиниани кардинал Франческо Дель Монте год спустя приобрёл следующую картину художника — «Шулера», что сделало Караваджо вхожим в дом кардинала. Позднее он написал для Дель Монте копию «Гадалки», внеся в неё ряд существенных изменений. Вместо условного фона первой версии появляется стена, разделённая тенями от оконной створки и занавески, компоновка персонажей становится более плотной и объёмной, освещение — более ярким, одежда — более рельефной. Юноша выглядит моложе и более уязвимым, а гадалка, в свою очередь, менее осторожной и лучше контролирующей ситуацию. Моделью юноши для второй версии картины считается Марио Миннити — сицилийский художник и приятель Караваджо.
«Гадалка» является одной из двух жанровых картин Караваджо, наряду с «Шулерами», и считается более ранней, написанной непосредственно после ухода художника из мастерской Джузеппе Чезари и начала собственной карьеры. Тема картины не является оригинальной. Джорджо Вазари в своих «Жизнеописаниях» упоминает, что один из последователей Франчабиджо, его брат Аньоло, написал вывеску для парфюмерной лавки с «цыганкой, предсказывающей даме будущее в очень грациозной манере»[2].
ru-wiki.org
Гадалка (картина Караваджо) Википедия
«Гада́лка» — картина Микеланджело Меризи да Караваджо. Существует в двух версиях. Первая хранится в Капитолийских музеях, вторая — в Лувре. Точная датировка картин остаётся предметом дискуссий.
Описание
На картине изображён щёгольски одетый юноша, которому гадает по руке цыганка. Оба выглядят весьма довольными друг другом, обмениваясь благосклонными взглядами, хотя простодушный молодой человек не замечает, что гадалка ловко стягивает с него кольцо.
Биограф Караваджо Джованни Пьетро Беллори сообщает, что художник намеренно разыскал на улице подходящую цыганку, чтобы продемонстрировать отказ использовать в качестве модели античную скульптуру, как это было принято в то время:
Когда ему напоминали о знаменитейших статуях Фидия и Гликона, как образцах для учения, он вместо ответа указывал пальцем на толпу людей, говоря, что достаточно учиться у природы. А для подтверждения своих слов зазвал он на постоялый двор проходившую случайно по улице цыганку и написал её, как предсказывает она будущее по обычаю женщин египетского племени. Написал он там и молодого человека, который одну руку в перчатке положил на эфес шпаги, другую же, без перчатки, протянул цыганке, и та внимательно на неё смотрит, и столь чисто выразив правду в обеих полуфигурах, Микеле свои слова этим подтвердил[1].Данный факт, вероятнее всего, апокрифичен, так как Беллори писал более чем полвека спустя после смерти Караваджо, а другие биографы, знавшие художника лично — Джулио Манчини и Джованни Бальоне, об этом не упоминают, однако он указывает на революционное стремление Караваджо заменить дидактическую теорию изобразительного искусства Возрождения более приближенной к реальности живописью.
«Гадалка» вызвала значительный интерес у римских молодых художников и коллекционеров, однако, согласно Манчини, нищета Караваджо вынудила его продать картину за скромную сумму в восемь скудо. Она вошла в коллекцию богатого банкира и знатока живописи маркиза Винченцо Джустиниани, ставшего впоследствии покровителем Караваджо. Друг Джустиниани кардинал Франческо Дель Монте год спустя приобрёл следующую картину художника — «Шулера», что сделало Караваджо вхожим в дом кардинала. Позднее он написал для Дель Монте копию «Гадалки», внеся в неё ряд существенных изменений. Вместо условного фона первой версии появляется стена, разделённая тенями от оконной створки и занавески, компоновка персонажей становится более плотной и объёмной, освещение — более ярким, одежда — более рельефной. Юноша выглядит моложе и более уязвимым, а гадалка, в свою очередь, менее осторожной и лучше контролирующей ситуацию. Моделью юноши для второй версии картины считается Марио Миннити — сицилийский художник и приятель Караваджо.
«Гадалка» является одной из двух жанровых картин Караваджо, наряду с «Шулерами», и считается более ранней, написанной непосредственно после ухода художника из мастерской Джузеппе Чезари и начала собственной карьеры. Тема картины не является оригинальной. Джорджо Вазари в своих «Жизнеописаниях» упоминает, что один из последователей Франчабиджо, его брат Аньоло, написал вывеску для парфюмерной лавки с «цыганкой, предсказывающей даме будущее в очень грациозной манере»[2].
Примечания
- ↑ «Караваджо Микеланджело Меризи да». Серия «Великие художники». Комсомольская правда/Директ-Медиа. 2014.
- ↑ Giorgio Vasari. Life of Franciabigio // Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects. — 1568. — «One of Francia's disciples was his brother Agnolo, who died after having painted a frieze that is in the cloister of S. Pancrazio, and a few other works. The same Agnolo painted for the perfumer Ciano, an eccentric man, but respected after his kind, a sign for his shop, containing a gipsy woman telling the fortune of a lady in a very graceful manner, which was the idea of Ciano, and not without mystic meaning.».
wikiredia.ru
Гадалка (картина Караваджо) — Википедия
Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии
«Гада́лка» — картина Микеланджело Меризи да Караваджо. Существует в двух версиях. Первая хранится в Капитолийских музеях, вторая — в Лувре. Точная датировка картин остаётся предметом дискуссий.
На картине изображён щёгольски одетый юноша, которому гадает по руке цыганка. Оба выглядят весьма довольными друг другом, обмениваясь благосклонными взглядами, хотя простодушный молодой человек не замечает, что гадалка ловко стягивает с него кольцо.
Биограф Караваджо Джованни Пьетро Беллори сообщает, что художник намеренно разыскал на улице подходящую цыганку, чтобы продемонстрировать отказ использовать в качестве модели античную скульптуру, как это было принято в то время:
Когда ему напоминали о знаменитейших статуях Фидия и Гликона, как образцах для учения, он вместо ответа указывал пальцем на толпу людей, говоря, что достаточно учиться у природы. А для подтверждения своих слов зазвал он на постоялый двор проходившую случайно по улице цыганку и написал её, как предсказывает она будущее по обычаю женщин египетского племени. Написал он там и молодого человека, который одну руку в перчатке положил на эфес шпаги, другую же, без перчатки, протянул цыганке, и та внимательно на неё смотрит, и столь чисто выразив правду в обеих полуфигурах, Микеле свои слова этим подтвердил[1].«Гадалка» вызвала значительный интерес у римских молодых художников и коллекционеров, однако, согласно Манчини, нищета Караваджо вынудила его продать картину за скромную сумму в восемь скудо. Она вошла в коллекцию богатого банкира и знатока живописи маркиза Винченцо Джустиниани, ставшего впоследствии покровителем Караваджо. Друг Джустиниани кардинал Франческо Дель Монте год спустя приобрёл следующую картину художника — «Шулера», что сделало Караваджо вхожим в дом кардинала. Позднее он написал для Дель Монте копию «Гадалки», внеся в неё ряд существенных изменений. Вместо условного фона первой версии появляется стена, разделённая тенями от оконной створки и занавески, компоновка персонажей становится более плотной и объёмной, освещение — более ярким, одежда — более рельефной. Юноша выглядит моложе и более уязвимым, а гадалка, в свою очередь, менее осторожной и лучше контролирующей ситуацию. Моделью юноши для второй версии картины считается Марио Миннити — сицилийский художник и приятель Караваджо.
«Гадалка» является одной из двух жанровых картин Караваджо, наряду с «Шулерами», и считается более ранней, написанной непосредственно после ухода художника из мастерской Джузеппе Чезари и начала собственной карьеры. Тема картины не является оригинальной. Джорджо Вазари в своих «Жизнеописаниях» упоминает, что один из последователей Франчабиджо, его брат Аньоло, написал вывеску для парфюмерной лавки с «цыганкой, предсказывающей даме будущее в очень грациозной манере»[2].
- ↑ «Караваджо Микеланджело Меризи да». Серия «Великие художники». Комсомольская правда/Директ-Медиа. 2014.
- ↑ Giorgio Vasari. Life of Franciabigio // Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects. — 1568. — «One of Francia's disciples was his brother Agnolo, who died after having painted a frieze that is in the cloister of S. Pancrazio, and a few other works. The same Agnolo painted for the perfumer Ciano, an eccentric man, but respected after his kind, a sign for his shop, containing a gipsy woman telling the fortune of a lady in a very graceful manner, which was the idea of Ciano, and not without mystic meaning.».
ru.wikiyy.com
Гадалка (картина Караваджо) Википедия
«Гада́лка» — картина Микеланджело Меризи да Караваджо. Существует в двух версиях. Первая хранится в Капитолийских музеях, вторая — в Лувре. Точная датировка картин остаётся предметом дискуссий.
Описание[ | код]
На картине изображён щёгольски одетый юноша, которому гадает по руке цыганка. Оба выглядят весьма довольными друг другом, обмениваясь благосклонными взглядами, хотя простодушный молодой человек не замечает, что гадалка ловко стягивает с него кольцо.
Биограф Караваджо Джованни Пьетро Беллори сообщает, что художник намеренно разыскал на улице подходящую цыганку, чтобы продемонстрировать отказ использовать в качестве модели античную скульптуру, как это было принято в то время:
Когда ему напоминали о знаменитейших статуях Фидия и Гликона, как образцах для учения, он вместо ответа указывал пальцем на толпу людей, говоря, что достаточно учиться у природы. А для подтверждения своих слов зазвал он на постоялый двор проходившую случайно по улице цыганку и написал её, как предсказывает она будущее по обычаю женщин египетского племени. Написал он там и молодого человека, который одну руку в перчатке положил на эфес шпаги, другую же, без перчатки, протянул цыганке, и та внимательно на неё смотрит, и столь чисто выразив правду в обеих полуфигурах, Микеле свои слова этим подтвердил[1].Данный факт, вероятнее всего, апокрифичен, так как Беллори писал более чем полвека спустя после смерти Караваджо, а другие биографы, знавшие художника лично — Джулио Манчини и Джованни Бальоне, об этом не упоминают, однако он указывает на революционное стремление Караваджо заменить дидактическую теорию изобразительного искусства Возрождения более приближенной к реальности живописью.
«Гадалка» вызвала значительный интерес у римских молодых художников и коллекционеров, однако, согласно Манчини, нищета Караваджо вынудила его продать картину за скромную сумму в восемь скудо. Она вошла в коллекцию богатого банкира и знатока живописи маркиза Винченцо Джустиниани, ставшего впоследствии покровителем Караваджо. Друг Джустиниани кардинал Франческо Дель Монте год спустя приобрёл следующую картину художника — «Шулера», что сделало Караваджо вхожим в дом кардинала. Позднее он написал для Дель Монте копию «Гадалки», внеся в неё ряд существенных изменений. Вместо условного фона первой версии появляется стена, разделённая тенями от оконной створки и занавески, компоновка персонажей становится более плотной и объёмной, освещение — более ярким, одежда — более рельефной. Юноша выглядит моложе и более уязвимым, а гадалка, в свою очередь, менее осторожной и лучше контролирующей ситуацию. Моделью юноши для второй версии картины считается Марио Миннити — сицилийский художник и приятель Караваджо.
«Гадалка» является одной из двух жанровых картин Караваджо, наряду с «Шулерами», и считается более ранней, написанной непосредственно после ухода художника из мастерской Джузеппе Чезари и начала собственной карьеры. Тема картины не является оригинальной. Джорджо Вазари в своих «Жизнеописаниях» упоминает, что один из последователей Франчабиджо, его брат Аньоло, написал вывеску для парфюмерной лавки с «цыганкой, предсказывающей даме будущее в очень грациозной манере»[2].
Примечания[
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Гадалка (картина Караваджо) - WikiVisually
1. Караваджо – Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio was an Italian painter active in Rome, Naples, Malta, and Sicily between 1592 and 1610. His paintings, which combine a realistic observation of the human state, in scarcely a year or so’s sojourn in Naples, he rapidly established himself once more as the most prominent painter, exploiting high-ranking connections. It was not long before these connections gave him an opening to travel on in 1607 to Malta, governed by the Order of Knights Hospitallers, Caravaggio probably hoped that the Knights would provide a channel whereby he could obtain a pardon from the Papacy. Once more his talents made an instant impression, along with the support of noble patrons and his hopes dashed, he contrived to escape and flee once, which before the end of 1608 led to his cancellation from the rolls of the Order. He made for Syracuse in Sicily, where he was received as a guest by a friend from his Roman days, the painter’s face was disfigured and rumours started to circulate of his death. Various commentators have formulated opinions about his state from works supposedly executed at this period. In fact, Caravaggio’s end is shrouded in mystery, mystery that is rendered only denser by conflicting hypotheses, some speak of a natural death from a persistent fever, others of an assassination by emissaries of the Knights of Malta. The loss of the paintings put the deal and his future in doubt, there is evidence that dogged by a serious fever, he was tended by a local religious confraternity near Porto Ercole, then in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, but succumbed. His death was certified by them as taking place on 18 July 1610, if the story to this point is exact, it is likely he was buried in a paupers’ common grave. As to the place, though this continues to be contested. Famous while he lived, Caravaggio was forgotten almost immediately after his death, despite this, his influence on the new Baroque style that eventually emerged from the ruins of Mannerism was profound. The 20th-century art historian André Berne-Joffroy claimed, What begins in the work of Caravaggio is, quite simply, modern painting. Caravaggio was born in Milan where his father, Fermo, was an administrator and architect-decorator to the Marchese of Caravaggio. His mother, Lucia Aratori, came from a family of the same district. In 1576 the family moved to Caravaggio to escape a plague which ravaged Milan, Caravaggios mother died in 1584, the same year he began his four-year apprenticeship to the Milanese painter Simone Peterzano, described in the contract of apprenticeship as a pupil of Titian. Following his initial training under Simone Peterzano, in 1592 Caravaggio left Milan for Rome, in flight after certain quarrels, in Rome, where there was a demand for paintings to fill the many huge new churches and palazzos being built at the time. It was also a period when the Church was searching for an alternative to Mannerism in religious art that was tasked to counter the threat of Protestantism. Caravaggios innovation was a radical naturalism that combined close observation with a dramatic, even theatrical
2. Капитолийские музеи – The Capitoline Museums are a single museum containing a group of art and archeological museums in Piazza del Campidoglio, on top of the Capitoline Hill in Rome, Italy. The history of the museums can be traced to 1471, when Pope Sixtus IV donated a collection of important ancient bronzes to the people of Rome, the museums are owned and operated by the municipality of Rome. The statue of a rider in the centre of the piazza is of Emperor Marcus Aurelius. It is a copy, the original being housed on-site in the Capitoline museum. Open to the public in 1734 under Clement XII, the Capitoline Museums are considered the first museum in the world, understood as a place where art could be enjoyed by all and this section contains collections sorted by building, and brief information on the buildings themselves. For the history of their design and construction, see Capitoline Hill#Michelangelo, the Capitoline Museums are composed of three main buildings surrounding the Piazza del Campidoglio and interlinked by an underground gallery beneath the piazza. In addition, the 16th century Palazzo Caffarelli-Clementino, located off the adjacent to the Palazzo dei Conservatori, was added to the museum complex in the early 20th century. The collections here are ancient sculpture, mostly Roman but also Greek, the Conservators Apartment is distinguished by elaborate interior decorations, including frescoes, stuccos, tapestries, and carved ceilings and doors. The third floor of the Palazzo dei Conservatori houses the Capitoline Art Gallery, housing the museums painting, the Capitoline Coin Cabinet, containing collections of coins, medals, jewels, and jewelry, is located in the attached Palazzo Caffarelli-Clementino. Statues, inscriptions, sarcophagi, busts, mosaics, and other ancient Roman artifacts occupy two floors of the Palazzo Nuovo, in the Hall of the Galatian can also be appreciated the marble statue of the Dying Gaul also called “Capitoline Gaul” and the statue of Cupid and Psyche. The gallery was constructed in the 1930s and it contains in situ 2nd century ruins of ancient Roman dwellings, and also houses the Galleria Lapidaria, which displays the Museums collection of epigraphs. The new great glass covered hall — the Sala Marco Aurelio — created by covering the Giardino Romano is similar to the one used for the Sala Ottagonale, the design is by the architect Carlo Aymonino. Its volume recalls that of the oval space designed by Michelangelo for the piazza and its centerpiece is the bronze equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, which was once in the centre of Piazza del Campidoglio and has been kept indoors ever since its modern restoration. Moving these statues out of the palazzo allows those sculptures temporarily moved to the Centrale Montemartini to be brought back. The Centrale Montemartini is a power station of Acea in southern Rome. Its permanent collection comprises 400 ancient statues, moved here during the reorganisation of the Capitoline Museums in 1997, along with tombs, busts, many of them were excavated in the ancient Roman horti between the 1890s and 1930s, a fruitful period for Roman archaeology. They are displayed there along the lines of Tate Modern, except that the machinery has not been moved out, Capitoline Brutus Capitoline Museums official website
3. Рим – Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
4. Италия – Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
5. Лувр – The Louvre or the Louvre Museum is the worlds largest museum and a historic monument in Paris, France. A central landmark of the city, it is located on the Right Bank of the Seine in the citys 1st arrondissement, approximately 38,000 objects from prehistory to the 21st century are exhibited over an area of 72,735 square metres. The Louvre is the second most visited museum after the Palace Museum in China. The museum is housed in the Louvre Palace, originally built as a fortress in the late 12th century under Philip II, remnants of the fortress are visible in the basement of the museum. Due to the expansion of the city, the fortress eventually lost its defensive function and. The building was extended many times to form the present Louvre Palace, in 1692, the building was occupied by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres and the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture, which in 1699 held the first of a series of salons. The Académie remained at the Louvre for 100 years, during the French Revolution, the National Assembly decreed that the Louvre should be used as a museum to display the nations masterpieces. The museum opened on 10 August 1793 with an exhibition of 537 paintings, because of structural problems with the building, the museum was closed in 1796 until 1801. The collection was increased under Napoleon and the museum renamed Musée Napoléon, the collection was further increased during the reigns of Louis XVIII and Charles X, and during the Second French Empire the museum gained 20,000 pieces. Holdings have grown steadily through donations and bequests since the Third Republic, whether this was the first building on that spot is not known, it is possible that Philip modified an existing tower. According to the authoritative Grand Larousse encyclopédique, the name derives from an association with wolf hunting den, in the 7th century, St. Fare, an abbess in Meaux, left part of her Villa called Luvra situated in the region of Paris to a monastery. This territory probably did not correspond exactly to the modern site, the Louvre Palace was altered frequently throughout the Middle Ages. In the 14th century, Charles V converted the building into a residence and in 1546, Francis acquired what would become the nucleus of the Louvres holdings, his acquisitions including Leonardo da Vincis Mona Lisa. After Louis XIV chose Versailles as his residence in 1682, constructions slowed, however, on 14 October 1750, Louis XV agreed and sanctioned a display of 96 pieces from the royal collection, mounted in the Galerie royale de peinture of the Luxembourg Palace. Under Louis XVI, the museum idea became policy. The comte dAngiviller broadened the collection and in 1776 proposed conversion of the Grande Galerie of the Louvre – which contained maps – into the French Museum, many proposals were offered for the Louvres renovation into a museum, however, none was agreed on. Hence the museum remained incomplete until the French Revolution, during the French Revolution the Louvre was transformed into a public museum. In May 1791, the Assembly declared that the Louvre would be a place for bringing together monuments of all the sciences, on 10 August 1792, Louis XVI was imprisoned and the royal collection in the Louvre became national property
6. Париж – Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
7. Франция – France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
8. Беллори, Джованни Пьетро – His Lives of the Artists, published in 1672, was influential in consolidating and promoting the theoretical case for classical idealism in art. As an art historical biographer, he favoured classicising artists rather than Baroque artists to the extent of omitting some of the key figures of 17th-century art altogether. Bellori, possibly the nephew of the collector and writer Francesco Angeloni. As a young man, he took art lessons from the painter Domenichino and became a member of the Accademia di San Luca. Bellori was curator of antiquities for Pope Clement X, in 1671, he was appointed secretary of the Accademia di San Luca. He was later appointed as librarian and antiquarian to Queen Christina of Sweden and he died in 1696 in Rome and was buried in the Church of S. Isidoro. In 1664 Bellori delivered a speech to the Accademia on the Ideal in Art. In 1672 he published this as a preface to his biographies of recent and contemporary artists, entitled and he planned a work on Bolognese artists, but, only completed entries for Guido Reni, Andrea Sacchi and Carlo Maratta. Bellori advocated idealism over realism or naturalism and this famously led to Belloris reverence of the painting of Annibale Carracci and repudiation of Caravaggio. His writing of the Idea is influenced by Giovanni Battista Agucchi, Vasari, Leon Battista Alberti, Aristotle, Bellori often relied for his facts on the earlier biographies of Roman artists by Giovanni Baglione. Vasaris definition of disegno or design, at that time seen as the most important artistic element, is tied up in the concept of prudence. An artists work could essentially be seen as a series of choices, and this forms the basis of subsequent value judgments in art by Bellori and his contemporaries. Bellori and Agucchi, after Aristotle, equated the practice of idealism with prudent choice, vite dePittori, Scultori et Architetti Moderni, Parte Prima. Corpus informatico belloriano a cura di Paola Barocchi, Sonia Maffei, centro di Ricerche Informatiche per i Beni Culturali della Scuola Normale di Pisa. Patrons and Painters, Art and Society in Baroque Italy, commentary on Annibale Carracci Introduces Painting to Apollo and Minerva, etching by Pietro Aquila, after a drawing by Carlo Maratti, frontispiece to Galeriae Farnesianae Icones. A catalogue of Carraccis Palazzo Farnese drawings, published by Giovanni Giacomo de Rossi in 1674, metropolitan Museum of Art website, accessed 3 March 2015. 3, pp. 673–675, in The Dictionary of Art, Art and Architecture in Italy 1600–1750, sixth edition in 3 volumes, revised by Joseph Connors and Jennifer Montagu. Erwin Panofsky, Idea, A Concept in Art Theory at Art History Resources
9. Бальоне, Джованни – Giovanni Baglione was an Italian Late Mannerist and Early Baroque painter and art historian. He was born and died in Rome, but from his own account came from a family of Perugia. A pupil of the obscure Florentine artist working in Rome, Francesco Morelli, he worked mainly in Rome, to Rudolf Wittkower, his style vacillated between progressive trends, without absorbing them fully. He spent 1621–1622 in Mantua as the court artist of Duke Ferdinando Gonzaga, otherwise he remained in Rome, where he was long successful in attracting commissions from the Papal court and aristocracy. His paintings have been described by the art historian Steven F, the quality of his work declined sharply in the 1630s, by which time he was in his late sixties. He was a member of the Accademia from 1593 until his death, apart from the regular later title of first historian of the Roman Baroque, in his lifetime he was also nicknamed Il Sordo del Barozzo as he suffered from deafness. He died in Rome on 30 December 1643 at the age of 77 and he published two books, The nine churches of Rome, and The Lives of Painters, Sculptors, Architects and Engravers, active from 1572–1642. The latter is seen as an important historical source for artists living in Rome during the lifetime of Baglione. It marks a watershed in the literature of Rome-the turning point between the older tradition of devotional guidebooks. and the modern tradition of artistic guides. His biographies cover over two hundred artists in various media, all of whom had worked in Rome and were dead by the time he published. He carefully notes information about the status and progress of his subjects. He recorded all signs of status, including houses, dress, collections, permission to wear a sword, splendid funerals. Running throughout Le vite, in words, is an abiding concern with the honor of the profession-with the elevated status. As far as possible, his descriptions of works concentrated on those accessible to the public, bagliones best known painting, Sacred Love and Profane Love, was a direct response to Caravaggios Amor Vincit Omnia. Bagliones painting exists in two versions, the earlier in the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin and the later in the Galleria Nazionale dArte Antica at Palazzo Barberini in Rome. Both show Sacred Love as a winged figure interrupting a meeting between Cupid, shown as in the Caravaggio as a smaller and naked winged figure. In the later Rome version the devil is portrayed with the features of Caravaggio. What in the two brothers was probably a family joke reflected serious rivalry between the artists concerned
10. Изобразительное искусство Возрождения – Renaissance art, with Renaissance Humanist philosophy, spread throughout Europe, affecting both artists and their patrons with the development of new techniques and new artistic sensibilities. Renaissance art marks the transition of Europe from the period to the Early Modern age. In many parts of Europe, Early Renaissance art was created in parallel with Late Medieval art, the following list presents a summary, dealt with more fully in the main articles that are cited above. Classical texts, lost to European scholars for centuries, became available and these included Philosophy, Prose, Poetry, Drama, Science, a thesis on the Arts and Early Christian Theology. Simultaneously, Europe gained access to advanced mathematics which had its provenance in the works of Islamic scholars, the advent of movable type printing in the 15th century meant that ideas could be disseminated easily, and an increasing number of books were written for a broad public. The establishment of the Medici Bank and the subsequent trade it generated brought unprecedented wealth to a single Italian city, cosimo de Medici set a new standard for patronage of the arts, not associated with the church or monarchy. Humanist philosophy meant that mans relationship with humanity, the universe, a revived interest in the Classics brought about the first archaeological study of Roman remains by the architect Brunelleschi and sculptor Donatello. A similar heritage of artistic achievement occurred in Venice through the talented Bellini family, their influential inlaw Mantegna, Giorgione, Titian, the publication of two treatises by Leone Battista Alberti, De Pitura,1435, and De re aedificatoria,1452. Their masterpieces are the pulpits of the Baptistery and Cathedral of Pisa, the painters of the Low Countries at this period included Jan van Eyck, his brother Hubert van Eyck, Robert Campin, Hans Memling, Rogier van der Weyden and Hugo van der Goes. Their painting developed independently of Early Italian Renaissance painting, and without the influence of a deliberate, the style of painting grew directly out of the Medieval arts of tempera painting, stained glass and book illumination. The media used was oil paint, which had long been utilised for painting leather ceremonial shields and accoutrements, because it was flexible, the earliest Netherlandish oil paintings are meticulous and detailed like tempera paintings. The material lent itself to the depiction of variations and texture. The Netherlandish painters did not approach the creation of a picture through a framework of linear perspective and they maintained a Medieval view of hierarchical proportion and religious symbolism, while delighting in a realistic treatment of material elements, both natural and man-made. Jan van Eyck, with his brother Hubert painted The Altarpiece of the Mystical Lamb and it is probable that Antonello da Messina became familiar with Van Eycks work, while in Naples or Sicily. His studies of perspective are thought to have influenced the painter Masaccio, the contemporary of Donatello, Masaccio, was the painterly descendant of Giotto, furthering the trend towards solidity of form and naturalism of face and gesture that he had begun a century earlier. Masaccios developments were carried forward in the paintings of Fra Angelico, the treatment of the elements of perspective and light in painting was of particular concern to 15th-century Florentine painters. Uccello was so obsessed with trying to achieve an appearance of perspective that, according to Vasari and his solutions can be seen in his masterpiece, the Battle of San Romano. In Naples, the painter Antonello da Messina began using oil paints for portraits and religious paintings at a date that preceded other Italian painters and he carried this technique north and influenced the painters of Venice
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