Музей ЧерномырдинаПейзажи И. Левитана: «Озеро». Картина озеро левитана
Озеро (картина Левитана) Википедия
«Озеро» — картина русского художника Исаака Левитана (1860—1900), над которой он работал в 1899—1900 годах. Находится в Государственном Русском музее в Санкт-Петербурге ( Ж-4262). Размер — 149 × 208 см[1][2]. Также употребляется другое название картины — «Озеро. Русь»[3].
Картина «Озеро» — последнее крупное произведение Левитана[4]. Художник писал её незадолго до своей смерти, и она осталась неоконченной. Тем не менее это полотно считается главным произведением позднего Левитана, «лебединой песнью» художника[5]. Впервые эта картина, под названием «Солнечный день», была выставлена на посмертной выставке Левитана, проходившей в Санкт-Петербурге и Москве в 1901 году[2][6].
Картина «Озеро» является одним из трёх самых больших по размеру произведений художника — наряду с картинами «У омута» (1892) и «Над вечным покоем» (1894), перекликаясь с последней по сюжету[7][8]. При её написании Левитан использовал большое количество этюдов и эскизов, включая большой отработанный эскиз, находящийся в Нижегородском государственном художественном музее, и малый предварительный вариант картины[9][10], хранящийся в Государственной Третьяковской галерее[11].
Сюжет озера интересовал Левитана с начала 1890-х годов. В 1893 году он написал относительно большую по размеру картину «На озере» (холст, масло, 109 × 163 см, Саратовский художественный музей имени А. Н. Радищева)[12][13]. В 1894 году Левитан закончил картину «Над вечным покоем» (холст, масло, 150 × 206 см, ГТГ)[14], на которой изобразил широкое водное пространство, хотя было не вполне понятно, озеро это или река[12] (над этим полотном художник работал на озере Удомля близ Вышнего Волочка)[14]. Тема озера присутствует в ряде произведений, которые он написал по итогам своего пребывания у озера Комо в северной Италии, включая картину «Озеро Комо» (холст, масло, 1895, 96 × 128 см, ГРМ)[12][15][16]. Также в этой связи упоминаются пастель 1895 года под названием «Хмурый день» (48 × 62 см, ГРМ) и картина «Лесное озеро» (холст, масло, 1890-е, 48 × 80 см, Ростовский областной музей изобразительных искусств)[12][17].
Озеро. Весна (1898, ruwikiorg.ru
Озеро (картина Левитана) Википедия
«Озеро» — картина русского художника Исаака Левитана (1860—1900), над которой он работал в 1899—1900 годах. Находится в Государственном Русском музее в Санкт-Петербурге ( Ж-4262). Размер — 149 × 208 см[1][2]. Также употребляется другое название картины — «Озеро. Русь»[3].
Картина «Озеро» — последнее крупное произведение Левитана[4]. Художник писал её незадолго до своей смерти, и она осталась неоконченной. Тем не менее это полотно считается главным произведением позднего Левитана, «лебединой песнью» художника[5]. Впервые эта картина, под названием «Солнечный день», была выставлена на посмертной выставке Левитана, проходившей в Санкт-Петербурге и Москве в 1901 году[2][6].
Картина «Озеро» является одним из трёх самых больших по размеру произведений художника — наряду с картинами «У омута» (1892) и «Над вечным покоем» (1894), перекликаясь с последней по сюжету[7][8]. При её написании Левитан использовал большое количество этюдов и эскизов, включая большой отработанный эскиз, находящийся в Нижегородском государственном художественном музее, и малый предварительный вариант картины[9][10], хранящийся в Государственной Третьяковской галерее[11].
Сюжет озера интересовал Левитана с начала 1890-х годов. В 1893 году он написал относительно большую по размеру картину «На озере» (холст, масло, 109 × 163 см, Саратовский художественный музей имени А. Н. Радищева)[12][13]. В 1894 году Левитан закончил картину «Над вечным покоем» (холст, масло, 150 × 206 см, ГТГ)[14], на которой изобразил широкое водное пространство, хотя было не вполне понятно, озеро это или река[12] (над этим полотном художник работал на озере Удомля близ Вышнего Волочка)[14]. Тема озера присутствует в ряде произведений, которые он написал по итогам своего пребывания у озера Комо в северной Италии, включая картину «Озеро Комо» (холст, масло, 1895, 96 × 128 см, ГРМ)[12][15][16]. Также в этой связи упоминаются пастель 1895 года под названием «Хмурый день» (48 × 62 см, ГРМ) и картина «Лесное озеро» (холст, масло, 1890-е, 48 × 80 см, Ростовский областной музей изобразительных искусств)[12][17].
Летом 1898 года Левитан жил в имении Богородское, расположенном в Московской губернии, недалеко от железнодорожной станции Подсолнечное (ныне — в черте города Солнечногорск), на берегу озера Сенеж
ruwikiorg.ru
WikiZero - Озеро (картина Левитана)
Open wikipedia design.
«Озеро» — картина русского художника Исаака Левитана (1860—1900), над которой он работал в 1899—1900 годах. Находится в Государственном Русском музее в Санкт-Петербурге ( Ж-4262). Размер — 149 × 208 см[1][2]. Также употребляется другое название картины — «Озеро. Русь»[3].
Картина «Озеро» — последнее крупное произведение Левитана[4]. Художник писал её незадолго до своей смерти, и она осталась неоконченной. Тем не менее это полотно считается главным произведением позднего Левитана, «лебединой песнью» художника[5]. Впервые эта картина, под названием «Солнечный день», была выставлена на посмертной выставке Левитана, проходившей в Санкт-Петербурге и Москве в 1901 году[2][6].
Картина «Озеро» является одним из трёх самых больших по размеру произведений художника — наряду с картинами «У омута» (1892) и «Над вечным покоем» (1894), перекликаясь с последней по сюжету[7][8]. При её написании Левитан использовал большое количество этюдов и эскизов, включая большой отработанный эскиз, находящийся в Нижегородском государственном художественном музее, и малый предварительный вариант картины[9][10], хранящийся в Государственной Третьяковской галерее[11].
Сюжет озера интересовал Левитана с начала 1890-х годов. В 1893 году он написал относительно большую по размеру картину «На озере» (холст, масло, 109 × 163 см, Саратовский художественный музей имени А. Н. Радищева)[12][13]. В 1894 году Левитан закончил картину «Над вечным покоем» (холст, масло, 150 × 206 см, ГТГ)[14], на которой изобразил широкое водное пространство, хотя было не вполне понятно, озеро это или река[12] (над этим полотном художник работал на озере Удомля близ Вышнего Волочка)[14]. Тема озера присутствует в ряде произведений, которые он написал по итогам своего пребывания у озера Комо в северной Италии, включая картину «Озеро Комо» (холст, масло, 1895, 96 × 128 см, ГРМ)[12][15][16]. Также в этой связи упоминаются пастель 1895 года под названием «Хмурый день» (48 × 62 см, ГРМ) и картина «Лесное озеро» (холст, масло, 1890-е, 48 × 80 см, Ростовский областной музей изобразительных искусств)[12][17].
Описание картины Исаака Левитана «Лесное озеро»
Картина написана в 1890г. Левитан, как и любой профессиональный художник, всегда перед написанием основной картины делал этюды. Сохранилось множество таких этюдов с пейзажем озера. В своей картине Левитан изобразил необычайность и многогранность природы.
Создаётся впечатление, что в картине растворяется передний план. Он расплывается в глубине озера, в котором отражаются вершины деревьев, окруживших его вокруг. Всё внимание зрителя приковывает глубина картины, то есть её задний план. Жёлтые и освещённые закатными солнечными лучами сосны очерчивают округлые края берега. Использование автором тёмных тонов красок, показывает всю прозрачность, красоту и таинство природы.
С левого края картины изображён песчаный берег, который равномерно переходит в зелёную траву, как бы очерчивая узкую черту, проходящую между водой и берегом. Деревья очень близко и плотно расположены возле берега озера, словно сжимая его в своеобразное кольцо. Берега то пологие, то круто и резко поднимающиеся, создают ощущение какого-то скального отвеса расположенного над водою. Стволы сосен голые, высокие с зелёными верхушками, не пропускающими света и солнечных лучей, придают картине тень и тем самым отходят на задний план.
Этим автор пытался сконцентрировать внимание зрителя именно на главном его предмете, которому уделялось особое внимание при написании картины – к озеру. Все точно и скрупулёзно подмечено автором, что невольно удивляешься этому. Преобладание тёмных тонов, даёт возможность сделать вывод, что это вечернее время заката. Еле заметное голубое небо с проплывающими облачками, отражаются в озере. Автор хотел показать зрителю всю первозданность и девственность природы, наполняющую тишиной и покоем лесное озеро.
opisanie-kartin.com
Озеро (картина Левитана) - Вики
«Озеро» — картина русского художника Исаака Левитана (1860—1900), над которой он работал в 1899—1900 годах. Находится в Государственном Русском музее в Санкт-Петербурге ( Ж-4262). Размер — 149 × 208 см[1][2]. Также употребляется другое название картины — «Озеро. Русь»[3].
Картина «Озеро» — последнее крупное произведение Левитана[4]. Художник писал её незадолго до своей смерти, и она осталась неоконченной. Тем не менее это полотно считается главным произведением позднего Левитана, «лебединой песнью» художника[5]. Впервые эта картина, под названием «Солнечный день», была выставлена на посмертной выставке Левитана, проходившей в Санкт-Петербурге и Москве в 1901 году[2][6].
Картина «Озеро» является одним из трёх самых больших по размеру произведений художника — наряду с картинами «У омута» (1892) и «Над вечным покоем» (1894), перекликаясь с последней по сюжету[7][8]. При её написании Левитан использовал большое количество этюдов и эскизов, включая большой отработанный эскиз, находящийся в Нижегородском государственном художественном музее, и малый предварительный вариант картины[9][10], хранящийся в Государственной Третьяковской галерее[11].
Сюжет озера интересовал Левитана с начала 1890-х годов. В 1893 году он написал относительно большую по размеру картину «На озере» (холст, масло, 109 × 163 см, Саратовский художественный музей имени А. Н. Радищева)[12][13]. В 1894 году Левитан закончил картину «Над вечным покоем» (холст, масло, 150 × 206 см, ГТГ)[14], на которой изобразил широкое водное пространство, хотя было не вполне понятно, озеро это или река[12] (над этим полотном художник работал на озере Удомля близ Вышнего Волочка)[14]. Тема озера присутствует в ряде произведений, которые он написал по итогам своего пребывания у озера Комо в северной Италии, включая картину «Озеро Комо» (холст, масло, 1895, 96 × 128 см, ГРМ)[12][15][16]. Также в этой связи упоминаются пастель 1895 года под названием «Хмурый день» (48 × 62 см, ГРМ) и картина «Лесное озеро» (холст, масло, 1890-е, 48 × 80 см, Ростовский областной музей изобразительных искусств)[12][17].
ru.wikiredia.com
Озеро (картина Левитана) - WikiVisually
1. Левитан, Исаак Ильич – Isaac Ilyich Levitan was a classical Russian landscape painter who advanced the genre of the mood landscape. Isaac Levitan was born in a shtetl of Kibarty, Augustów Governorate in Congress Poland and his father Elyashiv Levitan was the son of a rabbi, completed a Yeshiva and was self-educated. He taught German and French in Kowno and later worked as a translator at a bridge construction for a French building company. At the beginning of 1870 the Levitan family moved to Moscow, in September 1873, Isaac Levitan entered the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture where his older brother Avel had already studied for two years. After a year in the copying class Isaac transferred into a naturalistic class, Levitans teachers were the famous Alexei Savrasov, Vasily Perov and Vasily Polenov. In 1875, his mother died, and his father seriously ill and became unable to support four children. The family slipped into abject poverty, as patronage for Levitans talent and achievements, his Jewish origins and to keep him in the school, he was given a scholarship. In 1877, Isaac Levitans works were first publicly exhibited and earned recognition from the press. In 1880 his painting Осенний день, Сокольники was bought by famous philanthropist and art collector Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov. In the spring of 1884 Levitan participated in the art exhibition by the group known as the Peredvizhniki. Levitan often visited Chekhov and some think Levitan was in love with his sister, in the early 1880s Levitan collaborated with the Chekhov brothers on the illustrated magazine Moscow and illustrated the M. Fabritsius edition Kremlin. Together with Korovin in 1885-1886 he painted scenery for performances of the Private Russian opera of Savva Mamontov, in the 1880s he participated in the drawing and watercolor gatherings at Polenov’s house. Levitans work was a response to the lyrical charm of the Russian landscape. Levitan did not paint urban landscapes, with the exception of the View of Simonov Monastery, mentioned by Nesterov, during work in Ostankino, he painted fragments of the mansion’s house and park, but he was most fond of poetic places in the forest or modest countryside. Characteristic of his work is a hushed and nearly melancholic reverie amidst pastoral landscapes largely devoid of human presence, fine examples of these qualities include The Vladimirka Road,1892 Evening Bells,1892, and Eternal Rest,1894, all in the Tretyakov Gallery. Though his late work displayed familiarity with Impressionism, his palette was generally muted, in the summer of 1890 Levitan went to Yuryevets and among numerous landscapes and etudes he painted The View of Krivooserski monastery. So the plan of one of his best pictures, The Silent Monastery, was born, the image of a silent monastery and planked bridges over the river, connecting it with the outside world, expressed the artists spiritual reflections. It is known that this made a strong impression on Chekhov
2. Холст – Canvas is an extremely durable plain-woven fabric used for making sails, tents, marquees, backpacks, and other items for which sturdiness is required. It is also used by artists as a painting surface. It is also used in such objects as handbags, electronic device cases. The word canvas is derived from the 13th century Anglo-French canevaz, both may be derivatives of the Vulgar Latin cannapaceus for made of hemp, originating from the Greek κάνναβις. Modern canvas is made of cotton or linen, although. It differs from other cotton fabrics, such as denim. Canvas comes in two types, plain and duck. The threads in duck canvas are more tightly woven, the term duck comes from the Dutch word for cloth, doek. In the United States, canvas is classified in two ways, by weight and by a number system. The numbers run in reverse of the weight so a number 10 canvas is lighter than number 4, canvas has become the most common support medium for oil painting, replacing wooden panels. One of the earliest surviving oils on canvas is a French Madonna with angels from around 1410 in the Gemäldegalerie, however, panel painting remained more common until the 16th century in Italy and the 17th century in Northern Europe. Mantegna and Venetian artists were among those leading the change, Venetian sail canvas was readily available, as lead-based paint is poisonous, care has to be taken in using it. Early canvas was made of linen, a sturdy brownish fabric of considerable strength, linen is particularly suitable for the use of oil paint. In the early 20th century, cotton canvas, often referred to as cotton duck, linen is composed of higher quality material, and remains popular with many professional artists, especially those who work with oil paint. Cotton duck, which stretches more fully and has an even, mechanical weave, the advent of acrylic paint has greatly increased the popularity and use of cotton duck canvas. Linen and cotton derive from two different plants, the flax plant and the cotton plant, respectively. Gessoed canvases on stretchers are also available and they are available in a variety of weights, light-weight is about 4 oz or 5 oz, medium-weight is about 7 oz or 8 oz, heavy-weight is about 10 oz or 12 oz. They are prepared with two or three coats of gesso and are ready for use straight away, artists desiring greater control of their painting surface may add a coat or two of their preferred gesso
3. Масляная живопись – Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments with a medium of drying oil as the binder. Commonly used drying oils include linseed oil, poppy seed oil, walnut oil, the choice of oil imparts a range of properties to the oil paint, such as the amount of yellowing or drying time. Certain differences, depending on the oil, are visible in the sheen of the paints. An artist might use different oils in the same painting depending on specific pigments and effects desired. The paints themselves also develop a particular consistency depending on the medium, the oil may be boiled with a resin, such as pine resin or frankincense, to create a varnish prized for its body and gloss. Its practice may have migrated westward during the Middle Ages, Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. In recent years, water miscible oil paint has come to prominence and, to some extent, water-soluble paints contain an emulsifier that allows them to be thinned with water rather than paint thinner, and allows very fast drying times when compared with traditional oils. Traditional oil painting techniques often begin with the artist sketching the subject onto the canvas with charcoal or thinned paint, Oil paint is usually mixed with linseed oil, artist grade mineral spirits, or other solvents to make the paint thinner, faster or slower-drying. A basic rule of oil paint application is fat over lean and this means that each additional layer of paint should contain more oil than the layer below to allow proper drying. If each additional layer contains less oil, the painting will crack. This rule does not ensure permanence, it is the quality and type of oil leads to a strong. There are many media that can be used with the oil, including cold wax, resins. These aspects of the paint are closely related to the capacity of oil paint. Traditionally, paint was transferred to the surface using paintbrushes. Oil paint remains wet longer than other types of artists materials, enabling the artist to change the color. At times, the painter might even remove a layer of paint. This can be done with a rag and some turpentine for a time while the paint is wet, Oil paint dries by oxidation, not evaporation, and is usually dry to the touch within a span of two weeks. It is generally dry enough to be varnished in six months to a year, art conservators do not consider an oil painting completely dry until it is 60 to 80 years old
4. Государственный Русский музей – The State Russian Museum, formerly the Russian Museum of His Imperial Majesty Alexander III is the largest depository of Russian fine art in Saint Petersburg. It is also one of the largest museums in the country, the museum was established on April 13,1895, upon enthronement of Nicholas II to commemorate his father, Alexander III. Its original collection was composed of artworks taken from the Hermitage Museum, Alexander Palace, after the Russian Revolution of 1917, many private collections were nationalized and relocated to the Russian Museum. These included Kazimir Malevichs Black Square, upon the death of the Grand Duke the residence was named after his wife as the Palace of the Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, and became famous for its many theatrical presentations and balls. Some of the halls of the palace retain the Italianate opulent interiors of the imperial residence. The Ethnographic Department was originally set up in a specially designed by Vladimir Svinyin in 1902. The museum soon housed gifts received by Emperors family from representatives of peoples inhabiting various regions of the Russian Empire, further exhibits were purchased by Nicholas II and other members of his family as State financing was not enough to purchase new exhibits. In 1934, the Ethnographic Department was given the status of an independent museum, the city of Málaga, home to thousands of Russian expats, has signed an agreement to host the first overseas branch of the State Russian Museum. Works displayed in Malaga will range from Byzantine-inspired icons to social realism of the Soviet era and they will be on display in 2,300 square metres of exhibition space in La Tabacalera, a 1920s tobacco factory. The new museum is scheduled to open in early 2015
5. Санкт-Петербург – Saint Petersburg is Russias second-largest city after Moscow, with five million inhabitants in 2012, and an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea. It is politically incorporated as a federal subject, situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 271703. In 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd, in 1924 to Leningrad, between 1713 and 1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of imperial Russia. In 1918, the government bodies moved to Moscow. Saint Petersburg is one of the cities of Russia, as well as its cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Saint Petersburg is home to The Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world. A large number of consulates, international corporations, banks. Swedish colonists built Nyenskans, a fortress, at the mouth of the Neva River in 1611, in a then called Ingermanland. A small town called Nyen grew up around it, Peter the Great was interested in seafaring and maritime affairs, and he intended to have Russia gain a seaport in order to be able to trade with other maritime nations. He needed a better seaport than Arkhangelsk, which was on the White Sea to the north, on May 1703121703, during the Great Northern War, Peter the Great captured Nyenskans, and soon replaced the fortress. On May 271703, closer to the estuary 5 km inland from the gulf), on Zayachy Island, he laid down the Peter and Paul Fortress, which became the first brick and stone building of the new city. The city was built by conscripted peasants from all over Russia, tens of thousands of serfs died building the city. Later, the city became the centre of the Saint Petersburg Governorate, Peter moved the capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg in 1712,9 years before the Treaty of Nystad of 1721 ended the war, he referred to Saint Petersburg as the capital as early as 1704. During its first few years, the city developed around Trinity Square on the bank of the Neva, near the Peter. However, Saint Petersburg soon started to be built out according to a plan, by 1716 the Swiss Italian Domenico Trezzini had elaborated a project whereby the city centre would be located on Vasilyevsky Island and shaped by a rectangular grid of canals. The project was not completed, but is evident in the layout of the streets, in 1716, Peter the Great appointed French Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond as the chief architect of Saint Petersburg. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences, University and Academic Gymnasium were established in Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great, in 1725, Peter died at the age of fifty-two. His endeavours to modernize Russia had met opposition from the Russian nobility—resulting in several attempts on his life
6. Государственная Третьяковская галерея – The State Tretyakov Gallery is an art gallery in Moscow, Russia, the foremost depository of Russian fine art in the world. In 1892, Tretyakov presented his famous collection of approximately 2,000 works to the Russian nation. The façade of the building was designed by the painter Viktor Vasnetsov in a peculiar Russian fairy-tale style. It was built in 1902–04 to the south from the Moscow Kremlin, during the 20th century, the gallery expanded to several neighboring buildings, including the 17th-century church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi. In 1977 the Gallery kept a significant part of the George Costakis collection, Pavel Tretyakov started collecting art in the middle of 1850. The founding year of the Tretyakov Gallery is considered to be 1856, schilder and Skirmish with Finnish Smugglers by V. G. Kudyakov, although earlier, in 1854-1855, he had bought 11 graphic sheets and 9 pictures of old Dutch masters, in 1867 the Moscow City Gallery of Pavel and Sergei Tretyakov was opened. The Gallery’s collection consisted of 1,276 paintings,471 sculptures and 10 drawings of Russian artists, in August 1892 Tretyakov presented his art gallery to the city of Moscow as a gift. In the collection at time, there were 1,287 paintings and 518 graphic works of the Russian school,75 paintings and 8 drawings of European schools,15 sculptures. The official opening of the called the Moscow City Gallery of Pavel. The gallery was located in a mansion that the Tretykov family had purchased in 1851. As the Tretyakov collection of art grew, the part of the mansion filled with art and it became necessary to make additions to the mansion in order to store. Additions were made in 1873,1882,1885,1892 and 1902-1904, construction of the façade was managed by the architect A. M. In early 1913, the Moscow City Duma elected Igor Grabar as a trustee of the Tretyakov Gallery, on June 3,1918, the Tretyakov Gallery was declared owned by Russian Federated Soviet Republic and was named the State Tretyakov Gallery. Igor Grabar was again appointed director of the museum, with Grabar’s active participation in the same year, the State Museum Fund was created, which up until 1927 remained one of the most important sources of replenishment of the gallerys collection. In 1926 architect and academician A. V, shchusev became the director of the gallery. In the following year the gallery acquired the house on Maly Tolmachevsky Lane. After restructuring in 1928, it housed the administration, academic departments, library, manuscripts department
7. Саратовский художественный музей имени А. Н. Радищева – The Radishchev Museum in Saratov opened to the public on June 29,1885. It is supposed to have been Russias first major art museum outside Moscow or St. Petersburg. It was founded by Alexey Bogolyubov and named after his grandfather, the naming of the museum after the first Russian revolutionary, Alexander Radishchev, was a direct challenge to the authorities, Bogolyubov had to endure a legal battle to get permission. It was the first art museum in Russia open to everybody and it was opened to the general public seven years earlier than the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow and fifteen years earlier than the Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg. Early donors included Pavel Tretyakov and Pauline Viardot
8. Вышний Волочёк – Vyshny Volochyok or Vyshny Volochok is a town in Tver Oblast, Russia. The town is located 119 kilometers northwest of Tver, in the Valdai Hills, hence the towns name is translated from Russian as Upper Portage. The portage between the Tsna and the Tvertsa existed from the times as confirmed by archaeological artifacts found in the area. Vyshny Volochyok as a settlement was mentioned in chronicles in 1471, in 1703-1722, Peter the Great had a canal constructed to link the two rivers. In the 1740, the road connecting Moscow and Saint Petersburg was built and these two events gave a start to the fast economic development of Vyshny Volochyok, which later also became a major center of textile manufacture and glass production. In 1772, the first fair was held, and in the first half of the 19th century the road was rebuilt in stone, in 1851, the railroad construction followed. In the course of the administrative reform carried out in 1708 by Peter the Great, Vyshny Volochyok was included into Ingermanlandia Governorate, and in 1727 Novgorod Governorate split off. On May 28,1770 Vyshny Volochyok was granted town rights, on July 12,1929 the governorates and uyezds were abolished. Vyshnevolotsky District, with the center in Vyshny Volochyok, was established within Tver Okrug of Moscow Oblast. On July 23,1930, the okrugs were abolished, on January 29,1935 Kalinin Oblast was established, and Vyshny Volochyok was transferred to Kalinin Oblast. In 1990, Kalinin Oblast was renamed Tver Oblast, within the framework of administrative divisions, Vyshny Volochyok serves as the administrative center of Vyshnevolotsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as Vyshny Volochyok Okrug—an administrative unit with the equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, Vyshny Volochyok Okrug is incorporated as Vyshny Volochyok Urban Okrug, the economy of Vyshny Volochyok is based on timber, glassmaking, and textile industries. The railroad connecting Moscow and Saint Petersburg passes through Vyshny Volochyok, the M10 highway, which connects Moscow and St. Petersburg, passes theough the city as well. A road connecting to Maksatikha, Bezhetsk, and Rybinsk branches out east, there are local roads as well, with the bus traffic originating from Vyshny Volochyok. Currently, there is no passenger navigation, Vyshny Volochyok contains twenty-four cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally forty-four objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. Vyshny Volochyok hosts a museum which was open in 1932. In the episode Limerick of Cabin Pressure, Vyshny Volochyok is mentioned at the start and has a devoted to it near the end
9. Комо (озеро) – Lake Como is a lake of glacial origin in Lombardy, Italy. It has an area of 146 square kilometres, making it the third-largest lake in Italy, after Lake Garda, at over 400 metres deep, it is one of the deepest lakes in Europe, and the bottom of the lake is more than 200 metres below sea level. Lake Como has been a retreat for aristocrats and wealthy people since Roman times. It has many villas and palaces, the lakes name in Latin is Larius, Italianised as Lario, but this name is rarely used, it is usually called Lago di Como. In guidebooks the lake may be referred to as Lake Como, Lake of Como. Its name comes from the city of Como, known to the Romans as Comum, while the town of Como is referred to as Como, the lake is never referred to solely by this name. This is not true of another lake in Italy, Lake Garda, the lake is shaped much like an inverted letter Y. The northern branch begins at the town of Colico, while the towns of Como, the small towns of Bellagio, Menaggio and Lierna are situated at the intersection of the three branches of the lake, a triangular boat service operates between them. The Lierna area is an historical charming site of the lake with a white beach, Lake Como is fed primarily by the Adda River, which enters the lake near Colico and flows out at Lecco. This geological conformation makes the branch a dead end, and so Como. The mountainous pre-alpine territory between the two arms of the lake is known as the Larian Triangle, or Triangolo lariano. The source of the river Lambro is here, at the centre of the triangle, the town of Canzo is the seat of the Comunità montana del Triangolo lariano, an association of the 31 municipalities that represent the 71,000 inhabitants of the area. Lake Como weather is humid subtropical, in the winter, the lake helps to maintain a higher temperature in the surrounding region. Average daily temperatures range from about 3.7 °C in January to 23.4 °C in July, water temperatures can reach an average of 24 °C during the month of July. Snowfall is erratic and primarily affects the higher elevations, rainfall is heaviest in May and lowest during the winter months. As a tourist destination, Lake Como is popular for its landscapes, wildlife and it is a venue for sailing, windsurfing, and kitesurfing. In 1818 Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote to Thomas Love Peacock, This lake exceeds anything I ever beheld in beauty and it is long and narrow, and has the appearance of a mighty river winding among the mountains and the forests. In the area surrounding Lake Como there are farms which produce goods such as honey, olive oil, cheese, milk, eggs
10. Италия – Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
wikivisually.com
Пейзажи И. Левитана: «Озеро» » Выдающиеся художники
И. Левитан. Автопортрет (1880)
Картину «Озеро» считают «лебединой песнью» художника – она не совсем завершена. Но для зрителя эта незавершённость вряд ли заметна: спокойный, светлый и жизнеутверждающий пейзаж озаряет душу радостью и тихой любовью к незамысловатой русской природе.
И.И. Левитана так и называют – мастером «пейзажа настроения». Он один из тех русских пейзажистов, которые в XIX в. открыли современникам скромную красоту русской природы. Тогда считалось, что русская природа – безликая и тоскливая, она не может служить объектом для изображения и любования ею. Левитан и не искал в ней внешней эффектности. В неприглядном деревенском мотиве он умел найти то бесконечно близкое, что неотразимо действует на душу русского человека, заставляя его возвращаться к картине и о многом задумываться. И это тем более странно, что тайну русской природы русским людям открыл бедный еврейский юноша, которому одно время даже было запрещено проживать в «исконно русской столице»: в 1892 г. Левитан как «лицо иудейского вероисповедания» был вынужден покинуть Москву и некоторое время жил в Тверской и Владимирской губерниях. До конца жизни клеймо его происхождения угнетало его.
Исаак Ильич Левитан. Фотография 1890-годов
Исаак Левитан наполнил русский пейзаж особыми чувствами, передал его неотразимое очарование, перед которым меркли красоты заморских стран. Творческий путь Левитана был коротким – всего около 20 лет, да и жизнь была тоже короткой – он не дожил до 40-летия. Но за эти годы он создал больше, чем все остальные пейзажисты России вместе взятые.
После Левитана русский пейзаж стал другим.
Его учителями живописи были художники Перов, Саврасов и Поленов. Двое последних – известные русские пейзажисты.
Картина И. Левитана «Озеро» (1899-1900)
Исаак Левитан «Озеро» (1899-1900). Холст, масло. 149 × 208 см. Государственный Русский музей (Санкт-Петербург)
Эта картина – одна из трёх самых больших по размеру произведений художника (вместе с картинами «У омута» и «Над вечным покоем»).
На первом плане картины изображено большое озеро. Вода его, ярко-синего цвета, кажется холодной от большой глубины и наступившей осени. Искупаться уже не тянет, но вода притягивает внимание зрителя.
Вдали – возвышенный берег, на котором видны поля и осенний лес. Прямо перед лесом стоит белая церковь.
По голубому небу, цветом перекликающемуся с озерной водой, неспешно плывут причудливые белые облака. Они отражаются в озёрной воде.
Изображённый художником солнечный осенний день как бы подчёркивает размах и величие просторов русской природы.
«Но что же делать, я не могу быть хоть немного счастлив, спокоен, ну, словом, не понимаю себя вне живописи. Я никогда еще не любил так природу, не был так чуток к ней, никогда еще так сильно не чувствовал я это божественное нечто, разлитое во всем, но что не всякий видит, что даже и назвать нельзя, так как оно не поддается разуму, анализу, а постигается любовью. Без этого чувства не может быть истинный художник. Многие не поймут, назовут, пожалуй, романтическим вздором – пускай! Они – благоразумие… Но это мое прозрение для меня источник глубоких страданий. Может ли быть что трагичнее, как чувствовать бесконечную красоту окружающего, подмечать сокровенную тайну, видеть бога во всем и не уметь, сознавая свое бессилие, выразить эти большие ощущения…» (Исаак Левитан).
www.palitra.co
