Музей ЧерномырдинаРаспятие Святого Петра (картина Караваджо). Картина караваджо распятие святого петра
Распятие Святого Петра (картина Караваджо) — Википедия
Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии
«Распятие Святого Петра» — картина Караваджо, написанная в 1601 году для капеллы Черази церкви Санта-Мария-дель-Пополо в Риме вместе с «Обращением Савла по дороге в Дамаск» (1601). Изображает мученичество Святого Петра, который добровольно выбрал распятие вниз головой, поскольку считал себя недостойным принять ту же смерть, что и Иисус Христос. Трое палачей, лица которых не видны, с большим трудом пытаются перевернуть крест с пожилым, но крепким апостолом, словно тяжесть совершаемого преступления уже лежит на них.
Обе работы Караваджо вместе с алтарной картиной Аннибале Карраччи «Вознесение Девы Марии» были заказаны для часовни в 1600 году монсеньором Тиберио Черази, вскоре после этого скончавшимся[1][2]. Первоначальные версии обеих картин были отклонены[1] и оказались в частной коллекции кардинала Саннессио, который, по мнению некоторых искусствоведов, мог воспользоваться внезапной смертью Черази, чтобы завладеть картинами известнейшего римского художника. Первая версия «Распятия Святого Петра» считается утраченной[2], хотя были попытки идентифицировать её как «Мученичество Святого Петра» из собрания Государственного Эрмитажа, ныне приписываемую одному из последователей Караваджо Леонелло Спада. Вторые версии картин, с более нетрадиционной композицией, были приняты в 1601 году распорядителями имущества Черази без замечаний.
Картины Караваджо в Санта-Мария-дель-Пополо символизировали преданность Рима и самого Черази святым апостолам Петру и Павлу, изображая великие контрреформационные темы обращения и мученичества для противодействия растущим угрозам отступничества и протестантизма. Возможно, на выбор темы картин повлияли фрески Микеланджело из капеллы Паолина Апостольского дворца в Ватикане, хотя сцена распятия, изображённая Караваджо, отличается намного большей суровостью и реализмом.
- Sybille Ebert-Schifferer (trad. de l’allemand par Virginie de Bermond et Jean-Léon Muller), Caravage, Paris, éditions Hazan, 2009 (ISBN 978-2-7541-0399-2).
- Gérard-Julien Salvy, Le Caravage, Gallimard, coll. «Folio biographies», 2008 (ISBN 978-2-07-034131-3).
ru.wikiyy.com
Распятие Святого Петра (картина Караваджо) Википедия
«Распятие Святого Петра» — картина Караваджо, написанная в 1601 году для капеллы Черази церкви Санта-Мария-дель-Пополо в Риме вместе с «Обращением Савла по дороге в Дамаск» (1601). Изображает мученичество Святого Петра, который добровольно выбрал распятие вниз головой, поскольку считал себя недостойным принять ту же смерть, что и Иисус Христос. Трое палачей, лица которых не видны, с большим трудом пытаются перевернуть крест с пожилым, но крепким апостолом, словно тяжесть совершаемого преступления уже лежит на них.
Обе работы Караваджо вместе с алтарной картиной Аннибале Карраччи «Вознесение Девы Марии» были заказаны для часовни в 1600 году монсеньором Тиберио Черази, вскоре после этого скончавшимся[1][2]. Первоначальные версии обеих картин были отклонены[1] и оказались в частной коллекции кардинала Саннессио, который, по мнению некоторых искусствоведов, мог воспользоваться внезапной смертью Черази, чтобы завладеть картинами известнейшего римского художника. Первая версия «Распятия Святого Петра» считается утраченной[2], хотя были попытки идентифицировать её как «Мученичество Святого Петра» из собрания Государственного Эрмитажа, ныне приписываемую одному из последователей Караваджо Леонелло Спада. Вторые версии картин, с более нетрадиционной композицией, были приняты в 1601 году распорядителями имущества Черази без замечаний.
Картины Караваджо в Санта-Мария-дель-Пополо символизировали преданность Рима и самого Черази святым апостолам Петру и Павлу, изображая великие контрреформационные темы обращения и мученичества для противодействия растущим угрозам отступничества и протестантизма. Возможно, на выбор темы картин повлияли фрески Микеланджело из капеллы Паолина Апостольского дворца в Ватикане, хотя сцена распятия, изображённая Караваджо, отличается намного большей суровостью и реализмом.
Примечания
Литература
- Sybille Ebert-Schifferer (trad. de l’allemand par Virginie de Bermond et Jean-Léon Muller), Caravage, Paris, éditions Hazan, 2009 (ISBN 978-2-7541-0399-2).
- Gérard-Julien Salvy, Le Caravage, Gallimard, coll. «Folio biographies», 2008 (ISBN 978-2-07-034131-3).
wikiredia.ru
Распятие Святого Петра (картина Караваджо) Википедия
«Распятие Святого Петра» — картина Караваджо, написанная в 1601 году для капеллы Черази церкви Санта-Мария-дель-Пополо в Риме вместе с «Обращением Савла по дороге в Дамаск» (1601). Изображает мученичество Святого Петра, который добровольно выбрал распятие вниз головой, поскольку считал себя недостойным принять ту же смерть, что и Иисус Христос. Трое палачей, лица которых не видны, с большим трудом пытаются перевернуть крест с пожилым, но крепким апостолом, словно тяжесть совершаемого преступления уже лежит на них.
Обе работы Караваджо вместе с алтарной картиной Аннибале Карраччи «Вознесение Девы Марии» были заказаны для часовни в 1600 году монсеньором Тиберио Черази, вскоре после этого скончавшимся[1][2]. Первоначальные версии обеих картин были отклонены[1] и оказались в частной коллекции кардинала Саннессио, который, по мнению некоторых искусствоведов, мог воспользоваться внезапной смертью Черази, чтобы завладеть картинами известнейшего римского художника. Первая версия «Распятия Святого Петра» считается утраченной[2], хотя были попытки идентифицировать её как «Мученичество Святого Петра» из собрания Государственного Эрмитажа, ныне приписываемую одному из последователей Караваджо Леонелло Спада. Вторые версии картин, с более нетрадиционной композицией, были приняты в 1601 году распорядителями имущества Черази без замечаний.
Картины Караваджо в Санта-Мария-дель-Пополо символизировали преданность Рима и самого Черази святым апостолам Петру и Павлу, изображая великие контрреформационные темы обращения и мученичества для противодействия растущим угрозам отступничества и протестантизма. Возможно, на выбор темы картин повлияли фрески Микеланджело из капеллы Паолина Апостольского дворца в Ватикане, хотя сцена распятия, изображённая Караваджо, отличается намного большей суровостью и реализмом.
Примечания[ | код]
Литература[ | код]
- Sybille Ebert-Schifferer (trad. de l’allemand par Virginie de Bermond et Jean-Léon Muller), Caravage, Paris, éditions Hazan, 2009 (ISBN 978-2-7541-0399-2).
- Gérard-Julien Salvy, Le Caravage, Gallimard, coll. «Folio biographies», 2008 (ISBN 978-2-07-034131-3).
ru-wiki.ru
Распятие Святого Петра (картина Караваджо)
1. Караваджо – Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio was an Italian painter active in Rome, Naples, Malta, and Sicily between 1592 and 1610. His paintings, which combine a realistic observation of the human state, in scarcely a year or so’s sojourn in Naples, he rapidly established himself once more as the most prominent painter, exploiting high-ranking connections. It was not long before these connections gave him an opening to travel on in 1607 to Malta, governed by the Order of Knights Hospitallers, Caravaggio probably hoped that the Knights would provide a channel whereby he could obtain a pardon from the Papacy. Once more his talents made an instant impression, along with the support of noble patrons and his hopes dashed, he contrived to escape and flee once, which before the end of 1608 led to his cancellation from the rolls of the Order. He made for Syracuse in Sicily, where he was received as a guest by a friend from his Roman days, the painter’s face was disfigured and rumours started to circulate of his death. Various commentators have formulated opinions about his state from works supposedly executed at this period. In fact, Caravaggio’s end is shrouded in mystery, mystery that is rendered only denser by conflicting hypotheses, some speak of a natural death from a persistent fever, others of an assassination by emissaries of the Knights of Malta. The loss of the paintings put the deal and his future in doubt, there is evidence that dogged by a serious fever, he was tended by a local religious confraternity near Porto Ercole, then in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, but succumbed. His death was certified by them as taking place on 18 July 1610, if the story to this point is exact, it is likely he was buried in a paupers’ common grave. As to the place, though this continues to be contested. Famous while he lived, Caravaggio was forgotten almost immediately after his death, despite this, his influence on the new Baroque style that eventually emerged from the ruins of Mannerism was profound. The 20th-century art historian André Berne-Joffroy claimed, What begins in the work of Caravaggio is, quite simply, modern painting. Caravaggio was born in Milan where his father, Fermo, was an administrator and architect-decorator to the Marchese of Caravaggio. His mother, Lucia Aratori, came from a family of the same district. In 1576 the family moved to Caravaggio to escape a plague which ravaged Milan, Caravaggios mother died in 1584, the same year he began his four-year apprenticeship to the Milanese painter Simone Peterzano, described in the contract of apprenticeship as a pupil of Titian. Following his initial training under Simone Peterzano, in 1592 Caravaggio left Milan for Rome, in flight after certain quarrels, in Rome, where there was a demand for paintings to fill the many huge new churches and palazzos being built at the time. It was also a period when the Church was searching for an alternative to Mannerism in religious art that was tasked to counter the threat of Protestantism. Caravaggios innovation was a radical naturalism that combined close observation with a dramatic, even theatrical
2. Санта-Мария-дель-Пополо – The Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo is an Augustinian church in Rome, Italy. It stands on the side of Piazza del Popolo, one of the most famous squares in the city. The church is hemmed in between Porta del Popolo and the Pincian Hill, Porta Flaminia was one of the gates in the Aurelian Wall as well as the starting point of Via Flaminia, the most important route from the north. The church contains works by famous artists, such as Raphael, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Caravaggio, Alessandro Algardi, Pinturicchio, Andrea Bregno, Guillaume de Marcillat. In 1099, a chapel was built by Pope Paschal II to Our Lady over the tomb of the Domitii Ahenobarbi. Tradition has it that the site was haunted by Neros ghost or demons in the form of crows, therefore the pope chopped down the walnut tree sheltering the crows. The name del Popolo probably derives from its funding by the people of Rome, the chapel was enlarged and became a church by will of Pope Gregory IX in 1235, and was given to the Augustinian friars, who still oversee it, in 1250. Santa Maria del Popolo was reconstructed by Baccio Pontelli and Andrea Bregno in 1472-1477 on the orders of Pope Sixtus IV and was given to the congregation of Lombard friars in Rome, the result of the reconstruction was an early and excellent example of Italian Renaissance architecture. In 1655-60 the façade was modified by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, who was asked by Pope Alexander VII to update the Renaissance church to a more modern Baroque style. Façade The façade was built in early Renaissance style in the 1470s when the church was rebuilt by Pope Sixtus IV. The alterations included the addition of gables at the sides on the level, pediments above the side entrances. The architecture is attributed to Andrea Bregno but without definitive evidence. According to Ulrich Fürst the architect aimed at perfect proportioning and also at masterful restraint in the detail, in this way he succeeded in designing the best church façade in early-Renaissance Rome. The façade was built of bright Roman travertine, and it is two storeys high, the three entrances are accessed by a flight of stairs giving a feel of monumentality. The architecture is simple and dignified with four pilasters on the lower level. The side doors are surmounted by pediments and their lintels have dedicatory inscriptions referring to Pope Sixtus IV. There is a pair of arched windows above them. Bernini added the two halves of a segmental pediment on the sides of the upper level, and the curved connecting element with the rich garlands
3. Рим – Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
4. Апостол Пётр – Saint Peter, also known as Simon Peter, Simeon, or Simōn pronunciation, according to the New Testament, was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, leaders of the early Christian Great Church. Hippolytus of Rome, a 3rd-century theologian, gave him the title of Apostle of the Apostles, according to Catholic teaching, Peter was ordained by Jesus in the Rock of My Church dialogue in Matthew 16,18. He is traditionally counted as the first Bishop of Rome and by Eastern Christian tradition also as the first Patriarch of Antioch. The ancient Christian churches all venerate Peter as a saint and as founder of the Church of Antioch. The New Testament indicates that Peter was the son of John and was from the village of Bethsaida in the province of Galilee or Gaulanitis and his brother Andrew was also an apostle. According to New Testament accounts, Peter was one of twelve apostles chosen by Jesus from his first disciples, originally a fisherman, he played a leadership role and was with Jesus during events witnessed by only a few apostles, such as the Transfiguration. According to the gospels, Peter confessed Jesus as the Messiah, was part of Jesuss inner circle, thrice denied Jesus and wept bitterly once he realised his deed, according to Christian tradition, Peter was crucified in Rome under Emperor Nero Augustus Caesar. It is traditionally held that he was crucified upside down at his own request, Tradition holds that he was crucified at the site of the Clementine Chapel. His remains are said to be contained in the underground Confessio of St. Peters Basilica. According to Catholic doctrine, the direct successor to Saint Peter is the incumbent pope. Two general epistles in the New Testament are ascribed to Peter, the Gospel of Mark was traditionally thought to show the influence of Peters preaching and eyewitness memories. Peters original name was Shimon or Simeon and he was later given the name Peter, New Testament Greek Πέτρος derived from πέτρα, which means rock. In the Latin translation of the Bible this became Petrus, a form of the feminine petra. Another version of this name is Aramaic, , after his name in Hellenised Aramaic. The English, Dutch and German Peter, French Pierre, the Italian Pietro, the Spanish and Portuguese Pedro, the Syriac or Aramaic word for rock is kepa, which in Greek became Πέτρος, also meaning rock. He is also known as Simon Peter, Cephas and Kepha, both Cephas and Kepha also mean rock. In the New Testament, he is among the first of the disciples called during Jesus ministry, Peter became the first listed apostle ordained by Jesus in the early church. Peter was a fisherman in Bethsaida and he was named Simon, son of Jonah or John
5. Иисус Христос – In Christology, the Person of Christ refers to the study of the human and divine natures of Jesus Christ as they co-exist within one person. There is no discussion in the New Testament regarding the dual nature of the Person of Christ as both divine and human. Hence, since the days of Christianity theologians have debated various approaches to the understanding of these natures. In the period following the Apostolic Age, specific beliefs such as Arianism and Docetism were criticized. On the other end of the spectrum, Docetism argued that Jesus physical body was an illusion, docetic teachings were attacked by St. Ignatius of Antioch and were eventually abandoned by proto-orthodox Christians. However, after the First Council of Nicaea in 325 the Logos, historically in the Alexandrian school of christology, Jesus Christ is the eternal Logos paradoxically humanized in history, a divine Person who became enfleshed, uniting himself to the human nature. The views of these schools can be summarized as follows, Alexandria, Antioch, Logos assumes a specific human being The First Council of Ephesus in 431 debated a number of views regarding the Person of Christ. At the same gathering the council debated the doctrines of monophysitism or miaphysitism. The council rejected Nestorianism and adopted the term hypostatic union, referring to divine, the language used in the 431 declaration was further refined at the 451 Council of Chalcedon. However, the Chalcedon creed was not accepted by all Christians, because Saint Augustine died in 430 he did not participate in the Council of Ephesus in 431 or Chalcedon in 451, but his ideas had some impact on both councils. On the other hand, the major theological figure of the Middle Ages. The Third Council of Constantinople in 680 held that both divine and human wills exist in Jesus, with the divine will having precedence, leading and guiding the human will. John Calvin maintained that there was no element in the Person of Christ which could be separated from the person of The Word. Calvin also emphasized the importance of the Work of Christ in any attempt at understanding the Person of Christ, the study of the Person of Christ continued into the 20th century, with modern theologians such as Karl Rahner and Hans von Balthasar. Balthasar argued that the union of the human and divine natures of Christ was achieved not by the absorption of human attributes, thus in his view the divine nature of Christ was not affected by the human attributes and remained forever divine
6. Крест Святого Петра – The Cross of Saint Peter or Petrine Cross is an inverted Latin cross traditionally used as a Christian symbol, but in recent times also used as an anti-Christian symbol. The origin of the symbol comes from the Catholic tradition that Simon Peter was crucified upside down, as told by Origen of Alexandria. The tradition first appears in the Martyrdom of Peter, a text found in, but possibly predating, the apocryphal Acts of Peter. It is believed that Peter requested this form of crucifixion as he felt he was unworthy to be crucified in the manner that Jesus died. As such, some Catholics use this cross as a symbol of humility, according to Roman Catholicism, the pope is Peters successor as Bishop of Rome. Therefore, the Papacy is often represented by symbols that are used to represent Peter, one example being the Keys of Heaven. Saltire Saint Peter - Catholic Encyclopedia Photo of Lutheran Church of Veitsiluoto in Kemi, Finland, with Cross of Peter
7. Алтарная картина – An altarpiece is an artwork such as a painting, sculpture or relief representing a religious subject made for placing behind the altar of a Christian church. Altarpieces were one of the most important products of Christian art especially from the late Middle Ages to the era of the Counter-Reformation. Large number of altarpieces are now removed from their settings, and often their elaborate sculpted frameworks. Altarpieces seem to have begun to be used during the 11th century, the reasons and forces that led to the development of altarpieces are not generally agreed upon. The habit of placing decorated reliquaries of saints on or behind the altar, as well as the tradition of decorating the front of the altar with sculptures or textiles, an elaborate example of such an early altarpiece is the Pala dOro in Venice. The appearance and development of these first altarpieces marked an important turning point both in the history of Christian art and Christian religious practice, the autonomous image now assumed a legitimate position at the centre of Christian worship. Painted panel altars emerged in Italy during the 13th century, in the 13th century, it is not uncommon to find frescoed or mural altarpieces in Italy, mural paintings behind the altar function as visual complements for the liturgy. These altarpieces were influenced by Byzantine art, notably icons, which reached Western Europe in greater numbers following the conquest of Constantinople in 1204. During this time, altarpieces began to be decorated with an outer. Vigoroso da Sienas altarpiece from 1291 display such an altarpiece and this treatment of the altarpiece would eventually pave the way for the emergence, in the 14th century, of the polyptych. The sculpted elements in the emerging polyptychs often took inspiration from contemporary Gothic architecture, in Italy, they were still typically executed in wood and painted, while in northern Europe altarpieces were often made of stone. The early 14th century saw the emergence, in Germany, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, the Baltic region, by hinging the outer panels to the central panel and painting them on both sides, the motif could be regulated by opening or closing the wings. The pictures could thus be changed depending on liturgical demands, the earliest often displayed sculptures on the inner panels, i. e. displayed when open, and paintings on the back of the wings, displayed when closed. With the advent of winged altarpieces, a shift in imagery also occurred, instead of being centred on a single holy figure, altarpieces began to portray more complex narratives linked to the Christian concept of salvation. As the Middle Ages progressed, altarpieces began to be commissioned more frequently, in Northern Europe, initially Lübeck and later Antwerp would develop into veritable export centres for the production of altarpieces, exporting to Scandinavia, Spain and northern France. By the 15th century, altarpieces were often commissioned not only by churches but also by individuals, families, guilds, the 15th century saw the birth of Early Netherlandish painting in the Low Countries, henceforth panel painting would dominate altarpiece production in the area. In Germany, sculpted wooden altarpieces were instead generally preferred, while in England alabaster was used to a large extent, in England, as well as in France, stone retables enjoyed general popularity. In Italy both stone retables and wooden polyptychs were common, with painted panels and often with complex framing in the form of architectural compositions
8. Монсеньор – Monsignor is an honorific form of address for those members of the clergy of the Catholic Church including bishops, honorary prelates and canons. In some cases, these ecclesiastical honorific titles derive from the pope and these are granted to individuals who have rendered valuable service to the Church, or who provide some special function in Church governance, or who are members of bodies such as certain chapters. The title is never bestowed on those classified as religious in Catholicism, although in some languages the word is used as a form of address for bishops, which is indeed its primary use in those languages, this is not customary in English. Monsignor is the form of the Italian monsignore, from the French mon seigneur. It is abbreviated Mgr, Msgr, or Mons, Monsignor is a form of address, not an appointment, properly speaking, one cannot be made a monsignor or be the monsignor of a parish. The title or form of address is associated with certain papal awards, apart from those working in the Roman Curia and the diplomatic service of the Holy See, it is usually on the proposal of the local bishop that the Pope grants this title to Catholic diocesan clergy. The grant is subject to criteria of the Holy See that include a minimum age, soon after his election in March 2013, Pope Francis suspended the granting of the honorific title of Monsignor except to members of the Holy Sees diplomatic service. He himself, during his 15 years as archbishop of Buenos Aires, never asked any of his priests receive the title. Grants already made were not revoked, also unaffected is the association of the style with the office of vicar general, an appointment made by the bishop of the diocese, not by the Pope. Without necessarily being a protonotary apostolic, a diocesan priest has that titular rank as long as he remains in office, the written form of address for such a priest is Monsignor or The Reverend Monsignor. The spoken form of address is Monsignor, the 1969 Instruction of the Secretariat of State indicated that the title of Monsignor may be used for bishops. This is normal practice in Italian, French, Catalan, and Spanish, the predicate His Lordship or Your Lordship is, in English, used as a clerical title only for bishops. Until 1968 there were at least 14 different grades, including domestic prelates, four kinds of protonotaries apostolic, four kinds of papal chamberlains, Pope Paul VI in his motu proprio Pontificalis Domus of 28 March 1968 reduced the grades to three. Since then, apostolic protonotaries have been classified either de numero or supernumerary, most of the former classes of chamberlains and chaplains were abolished, leaving only a single class of Chaplains of His Holiness, a specifically priestly-sounding category. In 2014, Pope Francis abolished the practice of granting priests the title of monsignor, however, existing members of all three ranks established by Pope Paul VI retain their membership. The 1969 Instruction of the Secretariat of State also simplified the dress of monsignori, Chaplains of His Holiness use a purple-trimmed black cassock with purple sash for all occasions. Honorary Prelates use a black cassock with purple sash for all occasions. The red is the shade as that used by bishops
9. Эрмитаж – The State Hermitage Museum is a museum of art and culture in Saint Petersburg, Russia. One of the largest and oldest museums in the world, it was founded in 1754 by Catherine the Great and has open to the public since 1852. Its collections, of only a small part is on permanent display. The collections occupy a complex of six historic buildings along Palace Embankment, including the Winter Palace. Apart from them, the Menshikov Palace, Museum of Porcelain, Storage Facility at Staraya Derevnya, the museum has several exhibition centers abroad. The Hermitage is a state property. Since July 1992, the director of the museum has been Mikhail Piotrovsky, of the six buildings in the main museum complex, five, namely the Winter Palace, Small Hermitage, Old Hermitage, New Hermitage and Hermitage Theatre, are open to the public. The entrance ticket for foreign tourists more than the fee paid by citizens of Russia. However, entrance is free of charge the first Thursday of every month for all visitors, the museum is closed on Mondays. The entrance for visitors is located in the Winter Palace. A hermitage is the dwelling of a hermit or recluse, the word derives from Old French hermit, ermit hermit, recluse, from Late Latin eremita, from Greek eremites, literally people who live alone, which is in turn derived from ἐρημός, desert. Originally, the building housing the collection was the Small Hermitage. Today, the Hermitage Museum encompasses many buildings on the Palace Embankment, apart from the Small Hermitage, the museum now also includes the Old Hermitage, the New Hermitage, the Hermitage Theatre, and the Winter Palace, the former main residence of the Russian tsars. In recent years, the Hermitage has expanded to the General Staff Building on the Palace Square facing the Winter Palace, the Western European Art collection includes European paintings, sculpture, and applied art from the 13th to the 20th centuries. It is displayed, in about 120 rooms, on the first, drawings and prints are displayed in temporary exhibitions. Since 1940, the Egyptian collection, dating back to 1852 and it serves as a passage to the exhibition of Classical Antiquities. A modest collection of the culture of Ancient Mesopotamia, including a number of Assyrian reliefs from Babylon, Dur-Sharrukin, the collection of Classical Antiquities occupies most of the ground floor of the Old and New Hermitage buildings. Its floor is made of a marble mosaic imitating ancient tradition, while the stucco walls
10. Апостол Павел – Paul the Apostle, commonly known as Saint Paul, and also known by his native name Saul of Tarsus was an apostle who taught the gospel of the Christ to the first century world. He is generally considered one of the most important figures of the Apostolic Age, in the mid-30s to the mid-50s AD, he founded several churches in Asia Minor and Europe. Paul took advantage of his status as both a Jew and a Roman citizen to minister to both Jewish and Roman audiences, according to writings in the New Testament, Paul was dedicated to the persecution of the early disciples of Jesus in the area of Jerusalem. He was struck blind but, after three days, his sight was restored by Ananias of Damascus, and Paul began to preach that Jesus of Nazareth is the Jewish Messiah, approximately half of the book of Acts deals with Pauls life and works. Fourteen of the books in the New Testament have traditionally been attributed to Paul. Seven of the epistles are undisputed by scholars as being authentic, Pauline authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews is not asserted in the Epistle itself and was already doubted in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. It was almost unquestioningly accepted from the 5th to the 16th centuries that Paul was the author of Hebrews, but that view is now almost universally rejected by scholars. The other six are believed by scholars to have come from followers writing in his name. Other scholars argue that the idea of an author for the disputed epistles raises many problems. Today, Pauls epistles continue to be roots of the theology, worship, and pastoral life in the Catholic and Protestant traditions of the West. Augustine of Hippo developed Pauls idea that salvation is based on faith, martin Luthers interpretation of Pauls writings influenced Luthers doctrine of sola fide. The main source for information about Pauls life is the material found in his epistles, however, the epistles contain little information about Pauls past. The book of Acts recounts more information but leaves several parts of Pauls life out of its narrative, such as his probable, some scholars believe Acts also contradicts Pauls epistles on multiple accounts, in particular concerning the frequency of Pauls visits to the church in Jerusalem. It has been assumed that Sauls name was changed when he converted from Judaism to Christianity. His Jewish name was Saul, perhaps after the biblical King Saul, a fellow Benjamite, according to the Book of Acts, he inherited Roman citizenship from his father. As a Roman citizen, he bore the Latin name of Paul—in biblical Greek, Παῦλος. It was quite usual for the Jews of that time to have two names, one Hebrew, the other Latin or Greek. Jesus called him Saul, Saul in the Hebrew tongue in the book of Acts, later, in a vision to Ananias of Damascus, the Lord referred to him as Saul, of Tarsus
wikivisually.com
Распятие Святого Петра (картина Караваджо) Вики
«Распятие Святого Петра» — картина Караваджо, написанная в 1601 году для капеллы Черази церкви Санта-Мария-дель-Пополо в Риме вместе с «Обращением Савла по дороге в Дамаск» (1601). Изображает мученичество Святого Петра, который добровольно выбрал распятие вниз головой, поскольку считал себя недостойным принять ту же смерть, что и Иисус Христос. Трое палачей, лица которых не видны, с большим трудом пытаются перевернуть крест с пожилым, но крепким апостолом, словно тяжесть совершаемого преступления уже лежит на них.
Обе работы Караваджо вместе с алтарной картиной Аннибале Карраччи «Вознесение Девы Марии» были заказаны для часовни в 1600 году монсеньором Тиберио Черази, вскоре после этого скончавшимся[1][2]. Первоначальные версии обеих картин были отклонены[1] и оказались в частной коллекции кардинала Саннессио, который, по мнению некоторых искусствоведов, мог воспользоваться внезапной смертью Черази, чтобы завладеть картинами известнейшего римского художника. Первая версия «Распятия Святого Петра» считается утраченной[2], хотя были попытки идентифицировать её как «Мученичество Святого Петра» из собрания Государственного Эрмитажа, ныне приписываемую одному из последователей Караваджо Леонелло Спада. Вторые версии картин, с более нетрадиционной композицией, были приняты в 1601 году распорядителями имущества Черази без замечаний.
Картины Караваджо в Санта-Мария-дель-Пополо символизировали преданность Рима и самого Черази святым апостолам Петру и Павлу, изображая великие контрреформационные темы обращения и мученичества для противодействия растущим угрозам отступничества и протестантизма. Возможно, на выбор темы картин повлияли фрески Микеланджело из капеллы Паолина Апостольского дворца в Ватикане, хотя сцена распятия, изображённая Караваджо, отличается намного большей суровостью и реализмом.
Примечания[ | код]
Литература[ | код]
- Sybille Ebert-Schifferer (trad. de l’allemand par Virginie de Bermond et Jean-Léon Muller), Caravage, Paris, éditions Hazan, 2009 (ISBN 978-2-7541-0399-2).
- Gérard-Julien Salvy, Le Caravage, Gallimard, coll. «Folio biographies», 2008 (ISBN 978-2-07-034131-3).
ru.wikibedia.ru
Распятие Святого Петра (картина Караваджо) — Википедия © ru.wikipedia.org
Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии
«Распятие Святого Петра» — картина Караваджо, написанная в 1601 году для капеллы Черази церкви Санта-Мария-дель-Пополо в Риме вместе с «Обращением Савла по дороге в Дамаск» (1601). Изображает мученичество Святого Петра, который добровольно выбрал распятие вниз головой, поскольку считал себя недостойным принять ту же смерть, что и Иисус Христос. Трое палачей, лица которых не видны, с большим трудом пытаются перевернуть крест с пожилым, но крепким апостолом, словно тяжесть совершаемого преступления уже лежит на них.
Обе работы Караваджо вместе с алтарной картиной Аннибале Карраччи «Вознесение Девы Марии» были заказаны для часовни в 1600 году монсеньором Тиберио Черази, вскоре после этого скончавшимся[1][2]. Первоначальные версии обеих картин были отклонены[1] и оказались в частной коллекции кардинала Саннессио, который, по мнению некоторых искусствоведов, мог воспользоваться внезапной смертью Черази, чтобы завладеть картинами известнейшего римского художника. Первая версия «Распятия Святого Петра» считается утраченной[2], хотя были попытки идентифицировать её как «Мученичество Святого Петра» из собрания Государственного Эрмитажа, ныне приписываемую одному из последователей Караваджо Леонелло Спада. Вторые версии картин, с более нетрадиционной композицией, были приняты в 1601 году распорядителями имущества Черази без замечаний.
Картины Караваджо в Санта-Мария-дель-Пополо символизировали преданность Рима и самого Черази святым апостолам Петру и Павлу, изображая великие контрреформационные темы обращения и мученичества для противодействия растущим угрозам отступничества и протестантизма. Возможно, на выбор темы картин повлияли фрески Микеланджело из капеллы Паолина Апостольского дворца в Ватикане, хотя сцена распятия, изображённая Караваджо, отличается намного большей суровостью и реализмом.
- Sybille Ebert-Schifferer (trad. de l’allemand par Virginie de Bermond et Jean-Léon Muller), Caravage, Paris, éditions Hazan, 2009 (ISBN 978-2-7541-0399-2).
- Gérard-Julien Salvy, Le Caravage, Gallimard, coll. «Folio biographies», 2008 (ISBN 978-2-07-034131-3).
ru.wikipedia.org.mevn.net
Описание картины Караваджо «Распятие святого Петра» Картины художников
Караваджо по праву считается не только лучим мастером за всю историю развития художественного искусства, но и одним из самых ярких и талантливых представителей такого стиля рисования и отображения картин, как барокко. Чуть позже именно этот стиль, не без помощи Караваджо, вытеснил своей популярностью другие, не менее популярные и известные даже сегодня стили.
К таким стилям, которые смог вытеснить барокко, относится, к примеру, маньеризм. Благодаря своим особенностям и манере отображения он смог совершить самую настоящую революцию сначала в Риме, а потом, после этого, на территории Неаполя.
Что примечательно, так это то, что художник как человек был очень отвратительным, поэтому его старались избегать практически все, кто так или иначе относился к его окружению. И, несмотря на свой отвратительный характер, он находится в одном ряду с самыми влиятельными и пользующимися
авторитетом художниками стиля барокко в Италии 17-го века.
Свою картину, которая отображает распятие Святого Петра, он нарисовал специально по заказу церкви в 1601 году. Вместе с этим он написал Дамаск еще две других картины. Только за счет этих четырех своих работ он стал популярным, влиятельным и авторитетным художником Рима.
Следует учесть, не каждая власть церквей рассматривала созданные им работы в качестве нечестивых и вульгарных. Но были и те, кто не принимал некоторые его работы из-за некрасивой внешности персонажей.
На картине художник максимально ярко и красочно отобразил те мучения, через которые пришлось пройти Петру I. Петр, согласно истории, сам настаивал на том, чтобы его распяли снизу-вверх, чтобы процесс распятия не был похож на распятие Христа.
Здесь, как и практически во всех работах, художник лишает зрителя всех деталей, если считает, что они не нужны. То есть это темный фон, поэтому внимание приковано к фигуре Петра.
Прислал: Фомина Анастасия . 2017-10-08 22:26:35
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