Музей ЧерномырдинаИскусство на миллион: Пабло Пикассо «Сон». Сон пикассо картина
Искусство на миллион: Пабло Пикассо «Сон» - @vp-painting
В рубрике «Искусство на миллион» продолжаю рассказывать о картинах, которые были проданы или оценены более чем в 1 млн долларов.
Кто авторы этих картин? Кто их приобретает? Почему они так ценны? Давайте попробуем разобраться.
Пабло Пикассо «Сон»
© 1Размер| Материалы | масло, холст |
| Стоимость | ~155 млн долларов |
| Текущее местоположение | частная коллекция Стивена Коэна |
| Датируется | 1932 г. |
Пабло Пикассо – один из самых продаваемых, узнаваемых и популярных художников прошлого века. За годы своего творчества он опробовал множество стилей, направлений и техник: импрессионизм, кубизм, сюрреализм и другие.
Картина «Сон» (фр. Le Rêve, англ. The Dream) написана в период сюрреалистического творчества художника. Это направление в живописи стремилось к изображению непознанного и иррационального, было призвано освободить художников от принятых приемов изображения форм.
В ярких и колоритных красках полотна многие искусствоведы видят скрытый смысл и символизм: красный – страсть, желтый – гармония, голубой – ожидания чуда, зеленый – умиротворение, белый – надежду. Ну что же, тут спорить не стану, каждый сам может ассоциативно «расшифровать цвета».
Картина имеет два фокусных центра – голова девушки и ее руки. Верхняя часть изображает лицо в фас, но изогнутая черная линия разделяет и деформирует его, одновременно показывая профиль. Такой прием станет одним из излюбленных для Пикассо. Часто отмечают, что в верхней части лица изображено не что иное, как пенис, и таким образом выражается эго художника.
С руками тоже все не так однозначно. То ли это отсылка к беременности девушки, которая таким движением даже во сне пытается закрыть еще нерожденного младенца от всех невзгод; то ли это изображение самоудовлетворения, что больше вписывается в общую концепцию картины.
Мария Тереза Вальтер – муза и любовница Пабло Пикассо
Натурщицей для создания картины стала Мария Тереза Вальтер. Любимая женщина Пикассо, которой он посвятил большую серию работ.
Не нужно быть искусствоведом, чтобы видеть, насколько картина пропитана эротизмом. Округлые формы на портрете, даже в сюрреалистичной манере, передают женственность и привлекательность девушки. Эти черты присущи всем портретам Марии Вальтер, так художник больше никого не рисовал.
Для сравнения покажу вам другой портрет – «Обнаженная в красном кресле» (слева), где изображена Вальтер и «Бюст женщины» (справа), на котором изображена другая муза Пикассо – Дора Маар. Я специально выбрала один из «нейтральных» портретов Доры, так как основная серия, в которой она была натурщицей – «плачущие женщины», посвящена войне, а ее никак не сравнить с нежными чувствами.
© 2,3
Мария Тереза Вольтер и Пабло Пикассо познакомились, когда ей было 17, а ему 46. К тому же художник был в то время женат на Ольге Хохловой – русской балерине. Эта связь раскрылась после того, как Мария забеременела и родила девочку. Все закончилось очень тривиально: новоиспеченная мать потребовала узаконить отношения, чему законная супруга, естественно, воспротивилась. Художник решил не делать сложный выбор и закончил отношения сразу с обеими женщинами.
Но даже после того, как художник и муза расстались и в его жизни появилась Дора Маар, Пикассо продолжал заботиться о своей дочери и ее матери: поддерживал материально, как мог оберегал от ужасов Второй Мировой войны. Если бы я писала пост в разрезе романтических отношений, то наверняка бы назвала "отношениями на всю жизнь". У Вальтер после расставания не было других мужчин, поговаривают, она и смерть Пикассо не смогла пережить.
Аукционная история картины
Почти за 80 лет картина обзавелась довольно интересной и любопытной историей, и вдобавок ко всему, значительно выросла в цене.
В 1941 году ее приобрели коллекционеры Виктор и Салли Ганц, отдав за нее 7000$. После смерти, она была продана на аукционе Christie's за 48 млн долларов. Для 1997 года это была практически рекордная цена. Владельцем стал Вольфган Флеттл, которому пришлось продать ее из-за экономических трудностей в 2001 году.
© 4Новым владельцем стал магнат игорного бизнеса Стив Уинн, заплативший за нее уже 60 млн долларов. Когда же дело дошло до очередной сделки, случилась маленькая неприятная ситуация: уже после договоренности о продаже "Сна" Стивену Коэну, оценки ее состояния экспертами, незадачливый хозяин жестикулировал возле картины, показывая ее гостям, да так, что с размаху сделал в ней прореху.
“Локоть на 40 млн долларов” – так окрестили происшествие журналисты. Сделку пришлось отложить практически на 6 лет, пока картина была на реставрации и проходили суды со страховыми компаниями.
Продажа состоялась весной 2013 года в частном порядке, поэтому ценник в 155 млн долларов – лишь приблизительная стоимость. А Стивен Коэн наконец-то стал законным владельцем еще одного полотна.
Почему так дорого?
Все дело в том, что картины Пикассо и так имеют высокую цену на арт-рынке. По сути, к художнику применимы все категории с приставкой "самый": известный, продаваемый, дорогой, признанный, популярный.
Картины Пикассо этого периода ценятся на рынке очень высоко. Известно, что стоимость двух полотен 1932 года с изображением Мари-Терезы уже перешли порог 100 миллионов долларов. В 2010 году на Christie’s на аукционе была продана картина «Обнаженная, зеленые листья и бюст» за 106,4 млн долларов, при этом она стала самым дорогим произведением искусства, проданным когда-либо на открытых торгах (на тот момент, как вы уже поняли, звание "самой дорогой" меняется часто).
Коэн покупает не просто дорогие картины художников "первой линии", он отдает предпочтение культовым картинам. Похоже, что ему нравится таким образом влиять на арт-рынок, задавать его тенденции, влиять на историю искусства, создавать историю автора. Например, именно он приобрел акулу в формальдегиде Херста – «Физическую невозможность смерти в сознании живущего» за 8 млн долларов, чем, по большому счету, сделал Херста звездой современного искусства.
Дополнительные ссылки по теме и источники
Изображения - 1, 2, 3, 4.Интересный анализ символов картины "Сон".Зависть к пенису: кто купил продырявленного Пикассо за рекордные 155 миллионов – статья на лента.ру – содержательно и на русском.С легкой руки журналистов картину назвали проклятой, а Коэну посоветовали избавиться от нее.
Статья подготовлена @dajana для @vp-painting
Руководство по публикации статей в сообществе «Мастерская художников»
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Сон (картина Пикассо) - WikiVisually
1. Пикассо, Пабло – Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, also known as Pablo Picasso, was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France. Picasso demonstrated extraordinary artistic talent in his years, painting in a naturalistic manner through his childhood. During the first decade of the 20th century, his style changed as he experimented with different theories, techniques, Picassos work is often categorized into periods. Much of Picassos work of the late 1910s and early 1920s is in a neoclassical style and his later work often combines elements of his earlier styles. Ruiz y Picasso were included for his father and mother, respectively, born in the city of Málaga in the Andalusian region of Spain, he was the first child of Don José Ruiz y Blasco and María Picasso y López. His mother was of one quarter Italian descent, from the territory of Genoa, though baptized a Catholic, Picasso would later on become an atheist. Picassos family was of middle-class background and his father was a painter who specialized in naturalistic depictions of birds and other game. For most of his life Ruiz was a professor of art at the School of Crafts, Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age. According to his mother, his first words were piz, piz, a shortening of lápiz, from the age of seven, Picasso received formal artistic training from his father in figure drawing and oil painting. Ruiz was an academic artist and instructor, who believed that proper training required disciplined copying of the masters. His son became preoccupied with art to the detriment of his classwork, the family moved to A Coruña in 1891, where his father became a professor at the School of Fine Arts. On one occasion, the father found his son painting over his sketch of a pigeon. In 1895, Picasso was traumatized when his sister, Conchita. After her death, the moved to Barcelona, where Ruiz took a position at its School of Fine Arts. Picasso thrived in the city, regarding it in times of sadness or nostalgia as his true home, Ruiz persuaded the officials at the academy to allow his son to take an entrance exam for the advanced class. This process often took students a month, but Picasso completed it in a week, the student lacked discipline but made friendships that would affect him in later life. His father rented a room for him close to home so he could work alone, yet he checked up on him numerous times a day. Picassos father and uncle decided to send the young artist to Madrids Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, at age 16, Picasso set off for the first time on his own, but he disliked formal instruction and stopped attending classes soon after enrolment
2. Холст – Canvas is an extremely durable plain-woven fabric used for making sails, tents, marquees, backpacks, and other items for which sturdiness is required. It is also used by artists as a painting surface. It is also used in such objects as handbags, electronic device cases. The word canvas is derived from the 13th century Anglo-French canevaz, both may be derivatives of the Vulgar Latin cannapaceus for made of hemp, originating from the Greek κάνναβις. Modern canvas is made of cotton or linen, although. It differs from other cotton fabrics, such as denim. Canvas comes in two types, plain and duck. The threads in duck canvas are more tightly woven, the term duck comes from the Dutch word for cloth, doek. In the United States, canvas is classified in two ways, by weight and by a number system. The numbers run in reverse of the weight so a number 10 canvas is lighter than number 4, canvas has become the most common support medium for oil painting, replacing wooden panels. One of the earliest surviving oils on canvas is a French Madonna with angels from around 1410 in the Gemäldegalerie, however, panel painting remained more common until the 16th century in Italy and the 17th century in Northern Europe. Mantegna and Venetian artists were among those leading the change, Venetian sail canvas was readily available, as lead-based paint is poisonous, care has to be taken in using it. Early canvas was made of linen, a sturdy brownish fabric of considerable strength, linen is particularly suitable for the use of oil paint. In the early 20th century, cotton canvas, often referred to as cotton duck, linen is composed of higher quality material, and remains popular with many professional artists, especially those who work with oil paint. Cotton duck, which stretches more fully and has an even, mechanical weave, the advent of acrylic paint has greatly increased the popularity and use of cotton duck canvas. Linen and cotton derive from two different plants, the flax plant and the cotton plant, respectively. Gessoed canvases on stretchers are also available and they are available in a variety of weights, light-weight is about 4 oz or 5 oz, medium-weight is about 7 oz or 8 oz, heavy-weight is about 10 oz or 12 oz. They are prepared with two or three coats of gesso and are ready for use straight away, artists desiring greater control of their painting surface may add a coat or two of their preferred gesso
3. Масляная живопись – Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments with a medium of drying oil as the binder. Commonly used drying oils include linseed oil, poppy seed oil, walnut oil, the choice of oil imparts a range of properties to the oil paint, such as the amount of yellowing or drying time. Certain differences, depending on the oil, are visible in the sheen of the paints. An artist might use different oils in the same painting depending on specific pigments and effects desired. The paints themselves also develop a particular consistency depending on the medium, the oil may be boiled with a resin, such as pine resin or frankincense, to create a varnish prized for its body and gloss. Its practice may have migrated westward during the Middle Ages, Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. In recent years, water miscible oil paint has come to prominence and, to some extent, water-soluble paints contain an emulsifier that allows them to be thinned with water rather than paint thinner, and allows very fast drying times when compared with traditional oils. Traditional oil painting techniques often begin with the artist sketching the subject onto the canvas with charcoal or thinned paint, Oil paint is usually mixed with linseed oil, artist grade mineral spirits, or other solvents to make the paint thinner, faster or slower-drying. A basic rule of oil paint application is fat over lean and this means that each additional layer of paint should contain more oil than the layer below to allow proper drying. If each additional layer contains less oil, the painting will crack. This rule does not ensure permanence, it is the quality and type of oil leads to a strong. There are many media that can be used with the oil, including cold wax, resins. These aspects of the paint are closely related to the capacity of oil paint. Traditionally, paint was transferred to the surface using paintbrushes. Oil paint remains wet longer than other types of artists materials, enabling the artist to change the color. At times, the painter might even remove a layer of paint. This can be done with a rag and some turpentine for a time while the paint is wet, Oil paint dries by oxidation, not evaporation, and is usually dry to the touch within a span of two weeks. It is generally dry enough to be varnished in six months to a year, art conservators do not consider an oil painting completely dry until it is 60 to 80 years old
4. Джонс, Джаспер – Jasper Johns is an American painter, sculptor and printmaker associated with Abstract expressionism, Neo-Dada, and Pop art. Born in Augusta, Georgia, Jasper Johns spent his life in Allendale, South Carolina. He completed Edmunds High School in Sumter, South Carolina, where he again lived with his mother. Recounting this period in his life, he said, In the place where I was a child, there were no artists and there was no art. I think I thought it meant that I would be in a different than the one that I was in. Johns studied a total of three semesters at the University of South Carolina, from 1947 to 1948 and he then moved to New York City and studied briefly at the Parsons School of Design in 1949. In 1952 and 1953 he was stationed in Sendai, Japan, in 1954, after returning to New York, Johns met Robert Rauschenberg and they became long-term lovers. For a time lived in the same building as Rachel Rosenthal. In the same period he was influenced by the gay couple Merce Cunningham. Working together they explored the art scene, and began developing their ideas on art. In 1958, gallery owner Leo Castelli discovered Johns while visiting Rauschenbergs studio, Castelli gave him his first solo show. It was here that Alfred Barr, the director of New Yorks Museum of Modern Art. In 1963, Johns and Cage founded Foundation for Contemporary Performance Arts, Johns currently lives in Sharon, Connecticut, and on the island of Saint Martin. Until 2012, he lived in a rustic 1930s farmhouse with a studio in Stony Point. He first began visiting Saint Martin in the late 1960s and bought the property there in 1972, the architect Philip Johnson is the principal designer of his Saint Martin home, a long, white, rectangular structure divided into three distinct sections. Johns is best known for his painting Flag, which he painted after having a dream of the American flag and his work is often described as Neo-Dadaist, as opposed to pop art, even though his subject matter often includes images and objects from popular culture. Still, many compilations on pop art include Jasper Johns as a pop artist because of his use of classical iconography. Early works were composed using simple schema such as flags, maps, targets, Johns treatment of the surface is often lush and painterly, he is famous for incorporating such media as encaustic and plaster relief in his paintings
5. Раушенберг, Роберт – Milton Ernest Robert Rauschenberg was an American painter and graphic artist whose early works anticipated the pop art movement. Rauschenberg is well known for his Combines of the 1950s, in which non-traditional materials, Rauschenberg was both a painter and a sculptor and the Combines are a combination of both, but he also worked with photography, printmaking, papermaking, and performance. He was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1993 and he became the recipient of the Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts in 1995 in recognition of his more than 40 years of fruitful artmaking. Rauschenberg lived and worked in New York City as well as on Captiva Island, Rauschenberg was born as Milton Ernest Rauschenberg in Port Arthur, Texas, the son of Dora Carolina and Ernest R. Rauschenberg. His father was of German and Cherokee ancestry and his mother of Anglo-Saxon descent, at 16, Rauschenberg was admitted to the University of Texas where he began studying pharmacy. He was drafted into the United States Navy in 1943, based in California, he served as a mental hospital technician until his discharge in 1945. Rauschenberg subsequently studied at the Kansas City Art Institute and the Académie Julian in Paris, France, in 1948 Rauschenberg and Weil decided to attend Black Mountain College in North Carolina. Josef Albers, a founder of the Bauhaus, became Rauschenbergs painting instructor at Black Mountain, Albers preliminary courses relied on strict discipline that did not allow for any uninfluenced experimentation. Rauschenberg described Albers as influencing him to do exactly the reverse of what he was being taught, from 1949 to 1952 Rauschenberg studied with Vaclav Vytlacil and Morris Kantor at the Art Students League of New York, where he met fellow artists Knox Martin and Cy Twombly. Rauschenberg married Susan Weil in the summer of 1950 at the Weil family home in Outer Island and their only child, Christopher, was born July 16,1951. The two separated in June 1952 and divorced in 1953, according to a 1987 oral history by the composer Morton Feldman, after the end of his marriage, Rauschenberg had romantic relationships with fellow artists Cy Twombly and Jasper Johns. An article by Jonathan D. Katz states that Rauschenbergs affair with Twombly began during his marriage to Susan Weil, Rauschenberg died on May 12,2008, on Captiva Island, Florida. He died of heart failure after a decision to go off life support. Rauschenberg is survived by his partner of 25 years, artist Darryl Pottorf, Rauschenberg is also survived by his son, photographer Christopher Rauschenberg, and his sister, Janet Begneaud. Rauschenbergs approach was sometimes called Neo Dadaist, a label he shared with the painter Jasper Johns, at the same time, Johns paintings of numerals, flags, and the like, were reprising Duchamps message of the role of the observer in creating arts meaning. Alternatively, in 1961, Rauschenberg took a step in what could be considered the direction by championing the role of creator in creating arts meaning. Rauschenberg was invited to participate in an exhibition at the Galerie Iris Clert, Rauschenbergs submission consisted of a telegram sent to the gallery declaring This is a portrait of Iris Clert if I say so. From the fall of 1952 to the spring of 1953 Rauschenberg traveled through Europe and North Africa with his fellow artist, in Morocco, he created collages and boxes out of trash
6. Стелла, Фрэнк – Frank Philip Stella is an American painter and printmaker, noted for his work in the areas of minimalism and post-painterly abstraction. Stella lives and works in New York, Frank Stella was born in Malden, Massachusetts, to parents of Italian descent. His father was a gynecologist, and his mother was an artistically inclined housewife who attended a fashion school, early visits to New York art galleries fostered his artistic development, and his work was influenced by the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Franz Kline. Stella moved to New York in 1958, after his graduation and he is one of the most well-regarded postwar American painters still working today. He is heralded for creating paintings that bear no pictorial illusions or psychological or metaphysical references in twentieth-century painting. As of 2015, Stella lives in Greenwich Village and keeps an office there but commutes on weekdays to his studio in Rock Tavern, Stella married Barbara Rose, later a well-known art critic, in 1961-1969. Around this time he said that a picture was a surface with paint on it - nothing more. This was a departure from the technique of creating a painting by first making a sketch, many of the works are created by simply using the path of the brush stroke, very often using common house paint. This new aesthetic found expression in a series of new paintings, die Fahne Hoch. is one such painting. It has been suggested that the title has a meaning, referring also to Jasper Johns paintings of flags. In any case, its emotional coolness belies the contentiousness its title might suggest, Stella’s art was recognized for its innovations before he was twenty-five. In 1959, several of his paintings were included in Three Young Americans at the Allen Memorial Art Museum at Oberlin College, as well as in Sixteen Americans at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. From 1960 Stella began to produce paintings in aluminium and copper paint which, however they use a wider range of colors, and are his first works using shaped canvases, often being in L, N, U or T-shapes. These later developed more elaborate designs, in the Irregular Polygon series. Also in the 1960s, Stella began to use a range of colors. These paintings are named after circular cities he had visited while in the Middle East earlier in the 1960s, the Irregular Polygon canvases and Protractor series further extended the concept of the shaped canvas. Stella began his engagement with printmaking in the mid-1960s, working first with master printer Kenneth Tyler at Gemini G. E. L. Stella produced a series of prints during the late 1960s starting with a print called Quathlamba I in 1968, Stellas abstract prints used lithography, screenprinting, etching and offset lithography
7. Гессе, Ева – Eva Hesse, was a Jewish German-born American sculptor, known for her pioneering work in materials such as latex, fiberglass, and plastics. She is one of the artists who ushered in the art movement in the 1960s. Hesse was born into a family of observant Jews in Hamburg, Germany, when Hesse was two years old in December 1938, her parents, hoping to flee from Nazi Germany, sent Hesse and her older sister, Helen Hesse Charash, to the Netherlands via Kindertransport. After almost six months of separation, the family moved to England and then, in 1939, emigrated to New York City. In 1944, Hesses parents separated, her father remarried in 1945, in 1962, she met and married sculptor Tom Doyle, they divorced in 1966. In October 1969, she was diagnosed with a brain tumor and her death, after three operations within a year, at age 34 ended a career spanning only 10 years. Hesse graduated from New Yorks School of Industrial Art at the age of 16 and she dropped out only a year later. Then, from 1954-1957 she studied at Cooper Union and in 1959 she received her BA from Yale University, while at Yale, Hesse studied under Josef Albers and was heavily influenced by Abstract Expressionism. After Yale, Eva returned to New York, where she became friends with other young minimalist artists, including Sol LeWitt, Donald Judd, Yayoi Kusama. Her close friendship with Sol LeWitt remained until the end of her life, the two frequently wrote to one another, and in 1965 Sol famously counseled a young doubting Eva to Stop and just DO. Sol and Eva went on to two of the most influential artists of the 1960s, and their friendship aided in the artistic development of each of their works. In 1962, Eva married fellow sculptor Tom Doyle, and in 1965, Hesse and Doyle, whose marriage was coming apart, lived and worked in an abandoned textile mill in the Ruhr region of Germany for about a year. Their studio was set up in a part of Friedrich Arnhard Scheidt’s textile factory in Kettwig-on-the-Ruhr near Essen. Hesse was not happy to be back in Germany, but began sculpting with materials that had left behind in the abandoned factory. Her first sculpture, a relief titled Ring Around Arosie featured cloth-covered cord, electrical wire and this year in Germany marked a turning point in Hesses career. From this point on she would continue to make sculptures, which became the focus in her work. Returning to New York City in 1965, she began working in the materials that would become characteristic of her work, latex, fiberglass, and plastics. From 1968 to until her death in 1970, Hesse taught at the School of Visual Arts, New York, while continuing to make, when Hesse was 18 years-old, she interned at Seventeen magazine
8. Кристис – Christies is a historic British auction house. It was founded in 1766 by James Christie and its main premises are in King Street, St. Jamess, in London, and on Rockefeller Plaza in New York City in the United States. The company is owned by Groupe Artémis, the company of François-Henri Pinault. Sales in 2015 totalled £4.8 billion, however, other sources note that James Christie rented auction rooms from 1762, and newspaper advertisements of Christies sales dating from 1759 have also been traced. Christies soon established a reputation as an auction house. From 1859, the company was called Christie, Manson & Woods, in 1958, it established its first overseas office, by placing a representative in Rome. The first overseas salesroom opened in Geneva, where Christies holds jewellery auctions, Christies was a public company, listed on the London Stock Exchange from 1973 to 1999. In 1974, Jo Floyd was appointed chairman of Christies and he served as chairman of Christies International plc. from 1976 to 1988, until handing over to Lord Carrington, and later was a non-executive member of the board of directors until 1992. The auction houses subsidiary Christies International Inc. held its first sale in the United States in 1977,13 years later than Sothebys, Christies growth was slow but steady since 1989, when it had 42 percent of the auction market. In 1990, the company reversed a policy and guaranteed a minimum price for a collection of artworks in its May auctions. In 1996, the auction houses sales eclipsed Sothebys for the first time since 1954. In 1993, Christies paid $10.9 million for the London gallery Spink & Sons, which specialised in Oriental art and British paintings, the company bought Leger Gallery for $3.3 million in 1996, and merged it with Spink to become Spink-Leger. The company has not been reporting profits, though it gives sale totals twice a year. Its policy, in line with U. K. accounting standards, is to convert non-U. K, results using an average exchange rate weighted daily by sales throughout the year. In 2002, Christies France held its first auction in Paris, like Sothebys, Christies became increasingly involved in high-profile private transactions. Under the original deal, the gallery was meant to be the channel for all of Christies private-client business as well as the focus of its primary trade. Also, the house originally announced that Haunch employees could not bid at auction because of conflicts of interest or issues of market manipulation. Today, the continues to operate as an independent company in London and New York
9. New York Post – New York Post is an American daily newspaper, primarily distributed in New York City and its surrounding area. It is the 13th-oldest and seventh-most-widely circulated newspaper in the United States, established in 1801 by federalist and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton, it became a respected broadsheet in the 19th century, under the name New York Evening Post. The modern version of the paper is published in tabloid format, in 1976, Rupert Murdoch bought Post for US$30.5 million. Since 1993, Post has been owned by News Corporation and its successor, News Corp and its editorial offices are located at 1211 Avenue of the Americas. New York Post, established on November 16,1801 as New-York Evening Post, the Hartford Courant, believed to be the oldest continuously published newspaper, was founded in 1764 as a semi-weekly paper, it did not begin publishing daily until 1836. The New Hampshire Gazette, which has trademarked its claim of being The Nations Oldest Newspaper, was founded in 1756, moreover, since the 1890s it has been published only for weekends. Post was founded by Alexander Hamilton with about US$10,000 from a group of investors in the autumn of 1801 as New-York Evening Post, the meeting at which Hamilton first recruited investors for the new paper took place in the then-country weekend villa that is now Gracie Mansion. Hamilton chose William Coleman as his first editor, the most famous 19th-century New-York Evening Post editor was the poet and abolitionist William Cullen Bryant. So well respected was New-York Evening Post under Bryants editorship, it received praise from the English philosopher John Stuart Mill, in the summer of 1829, Bryant invited William Leggett, the Locofoco Democrat, to write for the paper. There, in addition to literary and drama reviews, Leggett began to write political editorials, leggetts classical liberal philosophy entailed a fierce opposition to central banking, a support for voluntary labor unions, and a dedication to laissez-faire economics. He was a member of the Equal Rights Party, Leggett became a co-owner and editor at Post in 1831, eventually working as sole editor of the newspaper while Bryant traveled in Europe in 1834 through 1835. Another co-owner of the paper was John Bigelow, from 1849 to 1861, he was one of the editors and co-owners of New York Evening Post. In 1881 Henry Villard took control of New-York Evening Post, as well as The Nation, with this acquisition, the paper was managed by the triumvirate of Carl Schurz, Horace White, and Edwin L. Godkin. When Schurz left the paper in 1883, Godkin became editor-in-chief, White became editor-in-chief in 1899, and remained in that role until his retirement in 1903. Villard sold the paper in 1918, after allegations of pro-German sympathies during World War I hurt its circulation. The new owner was Thomas Lamont, a partner in the Wall Street firm of J. P. Morgan & Co. Conservative Cyrus H. K. Curtis—publisher of the Ladies Home Journal—purchased New-York Evening Post in 1924, in 1934, J. David Stern purchased the paper, changed its name to New York Post, and restored its broadsheet size and liberal perspective. In 1939, Dorothy Schiff purchased the paper and her husband, George Backer, was named editor and publisher
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Картина Пикассо — жертва несчастного случая — экспонируется на выставке в Нью-ЙоркеARTinvestment.RU 01 октября 2008
В 2006 году полотно «Сон» кисти Пабло Пикассо могло стать самой дорогой картиной в истории. Увы, его владелец Стив Уинн случайно испортил работу — проткнул картину локтем. Сейчас, впервые после досадного инцидента, картину показывают публикеВ 2006 году полотно «Сон» кисти Пабло Пикассо (Pablo Picasso) могло побить рекорд «Адели Блох-Бауэр» Густава Климта (Gustav Klimt) и стать самой дорогой картиной в истории. Как мы помним, «Адель» купил мультимиллиардер Рональд Лаудер (Ronald Lauder) за 135 миллионов долларов. А за «Сон» другой миллиардер, Стивен Коэн (Steven Cohen) предложил владельцу картины Стивену Уинну (Stephen Wynn) целых 139 миллионов. Продажа обещала быть «сделкой века»: и Коэн, и Уинн входят в число самых главных коллекционеров произведений искусства в мире. Но менее чем через 24 часа после того, как стороны договорились о сумме сделки, Уинн случайно испортил картину. Миллиардер страдает пигментной дистрофией сетчатки, из-за чего очень плохо видит. Показывая своего Пикассо гостям, он слишком активно жестикулировал и проткнул полотно локтем. В результате 139 миллионов Уинн так и не получил, а «Сон» остался висеть в его лас-вегасском офисе.
Миллиардер купил картину в 2001 году у инвестора Вольфганга Флоттля (Wolfgang Flottl). Сумму сделки стороны решили не раскрывать. Флоттль приобрел картину в 1997 году на распродаже коллекции Виктора и Салли Ганц (Victor and Sally Ganz), устроенной аукционным домом Christie’s. Тогда он заплатил за нее 48,4 миллиона долларов. Сами супруги Ганц купили «Сон» в 1941 году за 7 тысяч долларов.
Сейчас «рану» полотна уже залечили, и следы реставрации на нем почти не заметны. Поэтому картину, впервые после «инцидента с локтем», решили показать на публике. С 15 октября «Сон» можно будет увидеть в нью-йоркской галерее Acquavella на выставке, посвященной любви Пикассо и его юной модели.
На картине, написанной в 1932 году, изображена любовница Пикассо Мари-Терез Вальтер (Marie-Therese Walter). 45-летний художник познакомился с 17-летней Мари-Терез в 1927 году. По легенде, он увидел девушку на одной из улиц Парижа и подошел к ней со словами: «Мне бы хотелось написать Ваш портрет. Мне кажется, что вместе мы можем делать много интересного. Я Пикассо». Встреча со знаменитым художником изменила жизнь Мари-Терез. Она стала его тайной любовницей и родила ему дочь Майю (Maya Picasso). Несмотря на надежды девушки, знаменитый художник на ней так никогда и не женился. Через четыре года после смерти Пикассо Мари-Терез покончила жизнь самоубийством.
Какое-то время Пикассо встречался одновременно с Мари-Терез и Дорой Маар (Dora Maar). Знаменитые портреты Маар, написанные им, часто кажутся темными, мрачными и угловатыми, в то время как изображения Мари-Терез более светлые и очень чувственные. Самый известный ее портрет, конечно же, «Сон». Помимо этой работы на выставке в Acquavella Galleries будут представлены 12 картин, гипсовая скульптура и два рисунка. Стоимость всех экспонатов более 500 миллионов долларов. Некоторые вещи можно купить, но большинство работ, включая «Сон», не предназначены для продажи. По словам директора галереи Ника Акуавелла (Nick Acquavella), Уинн не собирается расставаться с картиной.
После реставрации «Сон» оценили «всего» в 85 миллионов долларов. Уинн запросил у лондонской компании Lloyd’s, страховавшей картину, «потерянные» 54 миллиона. Как говорит адвокат миллиардера Барри Слотник (Barry Slotnick), Уинн и Lloyd’s пришли к «удовлетворяющему обе стороны соглашению».
Материал подготовила Юлия Максимова
Источники: bloomberg.com, artinvestment.ru
artinvestment.ru
Сочинение по картине Пикассо “Сон”
Картина “Сон” написана была в период увлечения Пикассо сюрреализмом – направлением в живописи, которое стремилось к изображению иррационального и неопознанного, освобождению разума творца от привычных логических структур, сочетанию несопоставимых элементов.
Работа посвящена очередной любви мастера – Мари-Терез Вольтер, которую тот восхищенно прозвал валькирией. Впрочем, то, что на полотне изображена именно она, у некоторых исследователей вызывает сомнения.
Несмотря на ощутимую разницу в возрасте (Пикассо было 49, а Мари едва исполнилось 17) художник с головой окунулся в любовный омут и посвятил новой музе не одно полотно.
По легенде Мари-Терез была натурщицей у Пикассо, и на одном сеансе заснула. Художник не стал будить девушку, а запечатлел ее спящую на полотне.
Картина написана в ярких цветах, и искусствоведы склонны видеть в этом скрытый смысл. Так, желтый на полотне символизирует гармоничные отношения, зеленый – умиротворение, а красный является воплощением страсти.
Самым удивительным в работе является изображение лица спящей – девушка нарисована в фас, однако, темная неровная линия около носа образует...
профиль. Такая нетривиальная иллюзия, соединяющая в себе два несочетаемых ракурса, не только станет одним из излюбленных приемов мастера, но и положит начало целому направлению в портретной живописи.Работа “дышит” умиротворением и расслабленностью. Непринужденная поза девушки демонстрирует полное блаженство – голова склонилась на плечо, губы мечтательно поджаты, оголилась грудь, руки сомкнуты на животе. Фигура девушки прописана плавными линиями, отдавая дань аппетитным формам натурщицы, которой так восхищался любвеобильный Пабло Пикассо.
К слову сказать, история любви великого испанца и скандинавской валькирии закончилась весьма прозаично – когда девушка потребовала узаконить отношения, родив ему дочь, этому категорически воспротивилась законная русская жена Ольга. Не став выяснять отношений, Пикассо поступил очень оригинально, оставив разом двух женщин. Картина же осталась лирическим напоминанием о былых чувствах.
Не так давно полотну потребовались реставрационные работы – бывший владелец случайно проткнул ее локтем. Сейчас она обрела первозданный вид и нового владельца, который купил шедевр за 155 млн. долларов, поставив тем самым рекорд на многие времена.
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