Музей ЧерномырдинаОписание картины Пабло Пикассо «Спящая девушка». Пикассо картина сон
Пабло Пикассо «Сон». Описание картины
Картина «Сон» написана была в период увлечения Пикассо сюрреализмом – направлением в живописи, которое стремилось к изображению иррационального и неопознанного, освобождению разума творца от привычных логических структур, сочетанию несопоставимых элементов.
Работа посвящена очередной любви мастера – Мари-Терез Вольтер, которую тот восхищённо прозвал валькирией. Впрочем, то, что на полотне изображена именно она, у некоторых исследователей вызывает сомнения.
Несмотря на ощутимую разницу в возрасте (Пикассо было 49, а Мари едва исполнилось 17) художник с головой окунулся в любовный омут и посвятил новой музе не одно полотно.
По легенде Мари-Терез была натурщицей у Пикассо, и на одном сеансе заснула. Художник не стал будить девушку, а запечатлел её спящую на полотне.
Картина написана в ярких цветах, и искусствоведы склонны видеть в этом скрытый смысл. Так, жёлтый на полотне символизирует гармоничные отношения, зелёный – умиротворение, а красный является воплощением страсти.
Самым удивительным в работе является изображение лица спящей – девушка нарисована в фас, однако, тёмная неровная линия около носа образует профиль. Такая нетривиальная иллюзия, соединяющая в себе два несочетаемых ракурса, не только станет одним из излюбленных приёмов мастера, но и положит начало целому направлению в портретной живописи.
Работа «дышит» умиротворением и расслабленностью. Непринуждённая поза девушки демонстрирует полное блаженство – голова склонилась на плечо, губы мечтательно поджаты, оголилась грудь, руки сомкнуты на животе. Фигура девушки прописана плавными линиями, отдавая дань аппетитным формам натурщицы, которой так восхищался любвеобильный Пабло Пикассо.
К слову сказать, история любви великого испанца и скандинавской валькирии закончилась весьма прозаично – когда девушка потребовала узаконить отношения, родив ему дочь, этому категорически воспротивилась законная русская жена Ольга. Не став выяснять отношений, Пикассо поступил очень оригинально, оставив разом двух женщин. Картина же осталась лирическим напоминанием о былых чувствах.
Не так давно полотну потребовались реставрационные работы — бывший владелец случайно проткнул её локтем. Сейчас она обрела первозданный вид и нового владельца, который купил шедевр за 155 млн. долларов, поставив тем самым рекорд на многие времена.
Картина испанского художника Пабло Пикассо «Сон» 1932 г. Холст, масло. 130 x 98 см. Частная коллекция
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Описание картины Пабло Пикассо «Сон»
Знаменитая картина великого художника Пабло Пикассо «Сон» была написана в период сюрреализма в 1932 году. На полотне изображён портрет Марии-Терезы Вальтер. Эта любимая женщина Пикассо, которой он посвятил множество своих картин. Картина яркая и колоритная, округлые формы Марии-Терезы подчёркнуты с особой тонкостью и нежностью.
Художник ни одну женщину так больше не писал. Он восхищался своей музой, которая вдохновляла его на грандиозные подвиги. Этой женщине всего 22 года, но она прочно вошла в жизнь мастера, покорив его сердце. Он не зря использует яркие краски: красный – цвет страсти, зелёный – цвет спокойствия и умиротворения, жёлтый – цвет гармонии в отношениях, бёлый – цвет надёжды, голубой – цвет любви и ожидания чуда.
Руки женщины нежно сложены на животе, это подчёркивает то, что она ждёт долгожданного младенца. На её лице изображена полная гармония и блаженство, но чёрные линии присутствуют не зря, потому что не всё в нашей жизни не так легко и гладко, как хотелось бы, даже с такой нежной и романтичной особой.
«Сон» или «Мечта» (второе название картины) – это самый знаменитый сюжет из любовного периода, когда мастер писал множество подобных картин на эту тематику. История любви одновременно романтична и трагична, своё состояние автор передал на холст. Художник написал портрет всего за один день, он работал в любимом замке в Париже в 1930 году, который он купил для своей дорогой женщины. В течение нескольких лет там было написано множество полотен, посвящённых Марии-Терезе. Мария-Тереза родила ему внебрачную дочь, которую он в последствие тоже изображал на своих полотнах.
Картина Пикассо относится к самым дорогим полотнам мира. Сейчас полотно находится у частного владельца, который приобрел её за 115 миллиона долларов. Эта самая дорогая оценка произведению, за всё время его существования.
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Описание картины Пабло Пикассо «Сон» Картины художников
Знаменитая картина великого художника Пабло Пикассо «Сон» была написана в период сюрреализма в 1932 году. На полотне изображён портрет Марии-Терезы Вальтер. Эта любимая женщина Пикассо, которой он посвятил множество своих картин. Картина яркая и колоритная, округлые формы Марии-Терезы подчёркнуты с особой тонкостью и нежностью.
Художник ни одну женщину так больше не писал. Он восхищался своей музой, которая вдохновляла его на грандиозные подвиги. Этой женщине всего 22 года, но она прочно вошла в жизнь мастера, покорив его сердце. Он не зря использует яркие краски: красный – цвет страсти, зелёный – цвет спокойствия и умиротворения, жёлтый – цвет гармонии в отношениях, бёлый – цвет надёжды, голубой – цвет любви и ожидания чуда.
Руки женщины нежно сложены на животе, это подчёркивает то, что она ждёт долгожданного младенца. На её лице изображена полная гармония и блаженство,
но чёрные линии присутствуют не зря, потому что не всё в нашей жизни не так легко и гладко, как хотелось бы, даже с такой нежной и романтичной особой.
«Сон» или «Мечта» (второе название картины) – это самый знаменитый сюжет из любовного периода, когда мастер писал множество подобных картин на эту тематику. История любви одновременно романтична и трагична, своё состояние автор передал на холст. Художник написал портрет всего за один день, он работал в любимом замке в Париже в 1930 году, который он купил для своей дорогой женщины. В течение нескольких лет там было написано множество полотен, посвящённых Марии-Терезе. Мария-Тереза родила ему внебрачную дочь, которую он в последствие тоже изображал на своих полотнах.
Картина Пикассо относится к самым дорогим полотнам мира. Сейчас полотно находится у частного владельца, который приобрел её за 115 миллиона долларов. Эта самая дорогая оценка произведению, за всё время его существования.
Прислал: Сорокина Лидия . 2017-10-08 21:37:17
opisanie-kartin.iusite.ru
Пабло Пикассо "Сон"
"...Мне снятся вишни губ И стебли белых рук - Прошло все, прошло, Остался только этот сон. Остался у меня, На память от тебя, Портрет твой, портрет Работы Пабло Пикассо...."
Знаменитая картина великого художника Пабло Пикассо «Сон» была написана в период сюрреализма в 1932 году. На полотне изображён портрет Марии-Терезы Вальтер. Эта любимая женщина Пикассо, которой он посвятил множество своих картин. Картина яркая и колоритная, округлые формы Марии-Терезы подчёркнуты с особой тонкостью и нежностью.
Художник ни одну женщину так больше не писал. Он восхищался своей музой, которая вдохновляла его на грандиозные подвиги. Этой женщине всего 22 года, но она прочно вошла в жизнь мастера, покорив его сердце. Он не зря использует яркие краски: красный – цвет страсти, зелёный – цвет спокойствия и умиротворения, жёлтый – цвет гармонии в отношениях, белый – цвет надежды, голубой – цвет любви и ожидания чуда.
Руки женщины нежно сложены на животе, это подчёркивает то, что она ждёт долгожданного младенца. На её лице изображена полная гармония и блаженство, но чёрные линии присутствуют не зря, потому что не всё в нашей жизни не так легко и гладко, как хотелось бы, даже с такой нежной и романтичной особой.
Год написания картины: 1932.Размеры картины: 130,2 x 97 см.Материал: холст.Техника написания: масло.Жанр: портрет.Стиль: кубизм.Галерея: частное собрание.
«Сон» или «Мечта» (второе название картины) – это самый знаменитый сюжет из любовного периода, когда мастер писал множество подобных картин на эту тематику. История любви одновременно романтична и трагична, своё состояние автор передал на холст. Художник написал портрет всего за один день, он работал в любимом замке в Париже в 1930 году, который он купил для своей дорогой женщины. В течение нескольких лет там было написано множество полотен, посвящённых Марии-Терезе. Мария-Тереза родила ему внебрачную дочь, которую он в последствие тоже изображал на своих полотнах.
В 2006 году владелец казино Стив Винн, купивший в 1990-х годах за 48,4 миллиона долларов картину Пикассо «Сон», согласился продать этот шедевр кубизма за 139 миллионов американскому коллекционеру Стивену Коэну. Сделка не состоялась, так как Винн, страдающий заболеванием глаз и плохо видящий, неловко повернулся и проткнул холст локтем. Он сам назвал случившееся «самым неуклюжим и глупым жестом в мире». После реставрации картина была выставлена на аукцион «Кристис», где 27 марта 2013 года её всё же приобрёл Коэн уже за 155 миллионов долларов. Согласно сообщению агентства Bloomberg, на тот момент это была максимальная сумма, выплаченная за произведение искусства американским коллекционером. Эта самая дорогая оценка произведению, за всё время его существования.
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Сон (картина Пикассо) - WikiVisually
1. Пикассо, Пабло – Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, also known as Pablo Picasso, was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France. Picasso demonstrated extraordinary artistic talent in his years, painting in a naturalistic manner through his childhood. During the first decade of the 20th century, his style changed as he experimented with different theories, techniques, Picassos work is often categorized into periods. Much of Picassos work of the late 1910s and early 1920s is in a neoclassical style and his later work often combines elements of his earlier styles. Ruiz y Picasso were included for his father and mother, respectively, born in the city of Málaga in the Andalusian region of Spain, he was the first child of Don José Ruiz y Blasco and María Picasso y López. His mother was of one quarter Italian descent, from the territory of Genoa, though baptized a Catholic, Picasso would later on become an atheist. Picassos family was of middle-class background and his father was a painter who specialized in naturalistic depictions of birds and other game. For most of his life Ruiz was a professor of art at the School of Crafts, Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age. According to his mother, his first words were piz, piz, a shortening of lápiz, from the age of seven, Picasso received formal artistic training from his father in figure drawing and oil painting. Ruiz was an academic artist and instructor, who believed that proper training required disciplined copying of the masters. His son became preoccupied with art to the detriment of his classwork, the family moved to A Coruña in 1891, where his father became a professor at the School of Fine Arts. On one occasion, the father found his son painting over his sketch of a pigeon. In 1895, Picasso was traumatized when his sister, Conchita. After her death, the moved to Barcelona, where Ruiz took a position at its School of Fine Arts. Picasso thrived in the city, regarding it in times of sadness or nostalgia as his true home, Ruiz persuaded the officials at the academy to allow his son to take an entrance exam for the advanced class. This process often took students a month, but Picasso completed it in a week, the student lacked discipline but made friendships that would affect him in later life. His father rented a room for him close to home so he could work alone, yet he checked up on him numerous times a day. Picassos father and uncle decided to send the young artist to Madrids Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, at age 16, Picasso set off for the first time on his own, but he disliked formal instruction and stopped attending classes soon after enrolment
2. Холст – Canvas is an extremely durable plain-woven fabric used for making sails, tents, marquees, backpacks, and other items for which sturdiness is required. It is also used by artists as a painting surface. It is also used in such objects as handbags, electronic device cases. The word canvas is derived from the 13th century Anglo-French canevaz, both may be derivatives of the Vulgar Latin cannapaceus for made of hemp, originating from the Greek κάνναβις. Modern canvas is made of cotton or linen, although. It differs from other cotton fabrics, such as denim. Canvas comes in two types, plain and duck. The threads in duck canvas are more tightly woven, the term duck comes from the Dutch word for cloth, doek. In the United States, canvas is classified in two ways, by weight and by a number system. The numbers run in reverse of the weight so a number 10 canvas is lighter than number 4, canvas has become the most common support medium for oil painting, replacing wooden panels. One of the earliest surviving oils on canvas is a French Madonna with angels from around 1410 in the Gemäldegalerie, however, panel painting remained more common until the 16th century in Italy and the 17th century in Northern Europe. Mantegna and Venetian artists were among those leading the change, Venetian sail canvas was readily available, as lead-based paint is poisonous, care has to be taken in using it. Early canvas was made of linen, a sturdy brownish fabric of considerable strength, linen is particularly suitable for the use of oil paint. In the early 20th century, cotton canvas, often referred to as cotton duck, linen is composed of higher quality material, and remains popular with many professional artists, especially those who work with oil paint. Cotton duck, which stretches more fully and has an even, mechanical weave, the advent of acrylic paint has greatly increased the popularity and use of cotton duck canvas. Linen and cotton derive from two different plants, the flax plant and the cotton plant, respectively. Gessoed canvases on stretchers are also available and they are available in a variety of weights, light-weight is about 4 oz or 5 oz, medium-weight is about 7 oz or 8 oz, heavy-weight is about 10 oz or 12 oz. They are prepared with two or three coats of gesso and are ready for use straight away, artists desiring greater control of their painting surface may add a coat or two of their preferred gesso
3. Масляная живопись – Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments with a medium of drying oil as the binder. Commonly used drying oils include linseed oil, poppy seed oil, walnut oil, the choice of oil imparts a range of properties to the oil paint, such as the amount of yellowing or drying time. Certain differences, depending on the oil, are visible in the sheen of the paints. An artist might use different oils in the same painting depending on specific pigments and effects desired. The paints themselves also develop a particular consistency depending on the medium, the oil may be boiled with a resin, such as pine resin or frankincense, to create a varnish prized for its body and gloss. Its practice may have migrated westward during the Middle Ages, Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. In recent years, water miscible oil paint has come to prominence and, to some extent, water-soluble paints contain an emulsifier that allows them to be thinned with water rather than paint thinner, and allows very fast drying times when compared with traditional oils. Traditional oil painting techniques often begin with the artist sketching the subject onto the canvas with charcoal or thinned paint, Oil paint is usually mixed with linseed oil, artist grade mineral spirits, or other solvents to make the paint thinner, faster or slower-drying. A basic rule of oil paint application is fat over lean and this means that each additional layer of paint should contain more oil than the layer below to allow proper drying. If each additional layer contains less oil, the painting will crack. This rule does not ensure permanence, it is the quality and type of oil leads to a strong. There are many media that can be used with the oil, including cold wax, resins. These aspects of the paint are closely related to the capacity of oil paint. Traditionally, paint was transferred to the surface using paintbrushes. Oil paint remains wet longer than other types of artists materials, enabling the artist to change the color. At times, the painter might even remove a layer of paint. This can be done with a rag and some turpentine for a time while the paint is wet, Oil paint dries by oxidation, not evaporation, and is usually dry to the touch within a span of two weeks. It is generally dry enough to be varnished in six months to a year, art conservators do not consider an oil painting completely dry until it is 60 to 80 years old
4. Джонс, Джаспер – Jasper Johns is an American painter, sculptor and printmaker associated with Abstract expressionism, Neo-Dada, and Pop art. Born in Augusta, Georgia, Jasper Johns spent his life in Allendale, South Carolina. He completed Edmunds High School in Sumter, South Carolina, where he again lived with his mother. Recounting this period in his life, he said, In the place where I was a child, there were no artists and there was no art. I think I thought it meant that I would be in a different than the one that I was in. Johns studied a total of three semesters at the University of South Carolina, from 1947 to 1948 and he then moved to New York City and studied briefly at the Parsons School of Design in 1949. In 1952 and 1953 he was stationed in Sendai, Japan, in 1954, after returning to New York, Johns met Robert Rauschenberg and they became long-term lovers. For a time lived in the same building as Rachel Rosenthal. In the same period he was influenced by the gay couple Merce Cunningham. Working together they explored the art scene, and began developing their ideas on art. In 1958, gallery owner Leo Castelli discovered Johns while visiting Rauschenbergs studio, Castelli gave him his first solo show. It was here that Alfred Barr, the director of New Yorks Museum of Modern Art. In 1963, Johns and Cage founded Foundation for Contemporary Performance Arts, Johns currently lives in Sharon, Connecticut, and on the island of Saint Martin. Until 2012, he lived in a rustic 1930s farmhouse with a studio in Stony Point. He first began visiting Saint Martin in the late 1960s and bought the property there in 1972, the architect Philip Johnson is the principal designer of his Saint Martin home, a long, white, rectangular structure divided into three distinct sections. Johns is best known for his painting Flag, which he painted after having a dream of the American flag and his work is often described as Neo-Dadaist, as opposed to pop art, even though his subject matter often includes images and objects from popular culture. Still, many compilations on pop art include Jasper Johns as a pop artist because of his use of classical iconography. Early works were composed using simple schema such as flags, maps, targets, Johns treatment of the surface is often lush and painterly, he is famous for incorporating such media as encaustic and plaster relief in his paintings
5. Раушенберг, Роберт – Milton Ernest Robert Rauschenberg was an American painter and graphic artist whose early works anticipated the pop art movement. Rauschenberg is well known for his Combines of the 1950s, in which non-traditional materials, Rauschenberg was both a painter and a sculptor and the Combines are a combination of both, but he also worked with photography, printmaking, papermaking, and performance. He was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1993 and he became the recipient of the Leonardo da Vinci World Award of Arts in 1995 in recognition of his more than 40 years of fruitful artmaking. Rauschenberg lived and worked in New York City as well as on Captiva Island, Rauschenberg was born as Milton Ernest Rauschenberg in Port Arthur, Texas, the son of Dora Carolina and Ernest R. Rauschenberg. His father was of German and Cherokee ancestry and his mother of Anglo-Saxon descent, at 16, Rauschenberg was admitted to the University of Texas where he began studying pharmacy. He was drafted into the United States Navy in 1943, based in California, he served as a mental hospital technician until his discharge in 1945. Rauschenberg subsequently studied at the Kansas City Art Institute and the Académie Julian in Paris, France, in 1948 Rauschenberg and Weil decided to attend Black Mountain College in North Carolina. Josef Albers, a founder of the Bauhaus, became Rauschenbergs painting instructor at Black Mountain, Albers preliminary courses relied on strict discipline that did not allow for any uninfluenced experimentation. Rauschenberg described Albers as influencing him to do exactly the reverse of what he was being taught, from 1949 to 1952 Rauschenberg studied with Vaclav Vytlacil and Morris Kantor at the Art Students League of New York, where he met fellow artists Knox Martin and Cy Twombly. Rauschenberg married Susan Weil in the summer of 1950 at the Weil family home in Outer Island and their only child, Christopher, was born July 16,1951. The two separated in June 1952 and divorced in 1953, according to a 1987 oral history by the composer Morton Feldman, after the end of his marriage, Rauschenberg had romantic relationships with fellow artists Cy Twombly and Jasper Johns. An article by Jonathan D. Katz states that Rauschenbergs affair with Twombly began during his marriage to Susan Weil, Rauschenberg died on May 12,2008, on Captiva Island, Florida. He died of heart failure after a decision to go off life support. Rauschenberg is survived by his partner of 25 years, artist Darryl Pottorf, Rauschenberg is also survived by his son, photographer Christopher Rauschenberg, and his sister, Janet Begneaud. Rauschenbergs approach was sometimes called Neo Dadaist, a label he shared with the painter Jasper Johns, at the same time, Johns paintings of numerals, flags, and the like, were reprising Duchamps message of the role of the observer in creating arts meaning. Alternatively, in 1961, Rauschenberg took a step in what could be considered the direction by championing the role of creator in creating arts meaning. Rauschenberg was invited to participate in an exhibition at the Galerie Iris Clert, Rauschenbergs submission consisted of a telegram sent to the gallery declaring This is a portrait of Iris Clert if I say so. From the fall of 1952 to the spring of 1953 Rauschenberg traveled through Europe and North Africa with his fellow artist, in Morocco, he created collages and boxes out of trash
6. Стелла, Фрэнк – Frank Philip Stella is an American painter and printmaker, noted for his work in the areas of minimalism and post-painterly abstraction. Stella lives and works in New York, Frank Stella was born in Malden, Massachusetts, to parents of Italian descent. His father was a gynecologist, and his mother was an artistically inclined housewife who attended a fashion school, early visits to New York art galleries fostered his artistic development, and his work was influenced by the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Franz Kline. Stella moved to New York in 1958, after his graduation and he is one of the most well-regarded postwar American painters still working today. He is heralded for creating paintings that bear no pictorial illusions or psychological or metaphysical references in twentieth-century painting. As of 2015, Stella lives in Greenwich Village and keeps an office there but commutes on weekdays to his studio in Rock Tavern, Stella married Barbara Rose, later a well-known art critic, in 1961-1969. Around this time he said that a picture was a surface with paint on it - nothing more. This was a departure from the technique of creating a painting by first making a sketch, many of the works are created by simply using the path of the brush stroke, very often using common house paint. This new aesthetic found expression in a series of new paintings, die Fahne Hoch. is one such painting. It has been suggested that the title has a meaning, referring also to Jasper Johns paintings of flags. In any case, its emotional coolness belies the contentiousness its title might suggest, Stella’s art was recognized for its innovations before he was twenty-five. In 1959, several of his paintings were included in Three Young Americans at the Allen Memorial Art Museum at Oberlin College, as well as in Sixteen Americans at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. From 1960 Stella began to produce paintings in aluminium and copper paint which, however they use a wider range of colors, and are his first works using shaped canvases, often being in L, N, U or T-shapes. These later developed more elaborate designs, in the Irregular Polygon series. Also in the 1960s, Stella began to use a range of colors. These paintings are named after circular cities he had visited while in the Middle East earlier in the 1960s, the Irregular Polygon canvases and Protractor series further extended the concept of the shaped canvas. Stella began his engagement with printmaking in the mid-1960s, working first with master printer Kenneth Tyler at Gemini G. E. L. Stella produced a series of prints during the late 1960s starting with a print called Quathlamba I in 1968, Stellas abstract prints used lithography, screenprinting, etching and offset lithography
7. Гессе, Ева – Eva Hesse, was a Jewish German-born American sculptor, known for her pioneering work in materials such as latex, fiberglass, and plastics. She is one of the artists who ushered in the art movement in the 1960s. Hesse was born into a family of observant Jews in Hamburg, Germany, when Hesse was two years old in December 1938, her parents, hoping to flee from Nazi Germany, sent Hesse and her older sister, Helen Hesse Charash, to the Netherlands via Kindertransport. After almost six months of separation, the family moved to England and then, in 1939, emigrated to New York City. In 1944, Hesses parents separated, her father remarried in 1945, in 1962, she met and married sculptor Tom Doyle, they divorced in 1966. In October 1969, she was diagnosed with a brain tumor and her death, after three operations within a year, at age 34 ended a career spanning only 10 years. Hesse graduated from New Yorks School of Industrial Art at the age of 16 and she dropped out only a year later. Then, from 1954-1957 she studied at Cooper Union and in 1959 she received her BA from Yale University, while at Yale, Hesse studied under Josef Albers and was heavily influenced by Abstract Expressionism. After Yale, Eva returned to New York, where she became friends with other young minimalist artists, including Sol LeWitt, Donald Judd, Yayoi Kusama. Her close friendship with Sol LeWitt remained until the end of her life, the two frequently wrote to one another, and in 1965 Sol famously counseled a young doubting Eva to Stop and just DO. Sol and Eva went on to two of the most influential artists of the 1960s, and their friendship aided in the artistic development of each of their works. In 1962, Eva married fellow sculptor Tom Doyle, and in 1965, Hesse and Doyle, whose marriage was coming apart, lived and worked in an abandoned textile mill in the Ruhr region of Germany for about a year. Their studio was set up in a part of Friedrich Arnhard Scheidt’s textile factory in Kettwig-on-the-Ruhr near Essen. Hesse was not happy to be back in Germany, but began sculpting with materials that had left behind in the abandoned factory. Her first sculpture, a relief titled Ring Around Arosie featured cloth-covered cord, electrical wire and this year in Germany marked a turning point in Hesses career. From this point on she would continue to make sculptures, which became the focus in her work. Returning to New York City in 1965, she began working in the materials that would become characteristic of her work, latex, fiberglass, and plastics. From 1968 to until her death in 1970, Hesse taught at the School of Visual Arts, New York, while continuing to make, when Hesse was 18 years-old, she interned at Seventeen magazine
8. Кристис – Christies is a historic British auction house. It was founded in 1766 by James Christie and its main premises are in King Street, St. Jamess, in London, and on Rockefeller Plaza in New York City in the United States. The company is owned by Groupe Artémis, the company of François-Henri Pinault. Sales in 2015 totalled £4.8 billion, however, other sources note that James Christie rented auction rooms from 1762, and newspaper advertisements of Christies sales dating from 1759 have also been traced. Christies soon established a reputation as an auction house. From 1859, the company was called Christie, Manson & Woods, in 1958, it established its first overseas office, by placing a representative in Rome. The first overseas salesroom opened in Geneva, where Christies holds jewellery auctions, Christies was a public company, listed on the London Stock Exchange from 1973 to 1999. In 1974, Jo Floyd was appointed chairman of Christies and he served as chairman of Christies International plc. from 1976 to 1988, until handing over to Lord Carrington, and later was a non-executive member of the board of directors until 1992. The auction houses subsidiary Christies International Inc. held its first sale in the United States in 1977,13 years later than Sothebys, Christies growth was slow but steady since 1989, when it had 42 percent of the auction market. In 1990, the company reversed a policy and guaranteed a minimum price for a collection of artworks in its May auctions. In 1996, the auction houses sales eclipsed Sothebys for the first time since 1954. In 1993, Christies paid $10.9 million for the London gallery Spink & Sons, which specialised in Oriental art and British paintings, the company bought Leger Gallery for $3.3 million in 1996, and merged it with Spink to become Spink-Leger. The company has not been reporting profits, though it gives sale totals twice a year. Its policy, in line with U. K. accounting standards, is to convert non-U. K, results using an average exchange rate weighted daily by sales throughout the year. In 2002, Christies France held its first auction in Paris, like Sothebys, Christies became increasingly involved in high-profile private transactions. Under the original deal, the gallery was meant to be the channel for all of Christies private-client business as well as the focus of its primary trade. Also, the house originally announced that Haunch employees could not bid at auction because of conflicts of interest or issues of market manipulation. Today, the continues to operate as an independent company in London and New York
9. New York Post – New York Post is an American daily newspaper, primarily distributed in New York City and its surrounding area. It is the 13th-oldest and seventh-most-widely circulated newspaper in the United States, established in 1801 by federalist and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton, it became a respected broadsheet in the 19th century, under the name New York Evening Post. The modern version of the paper is published in tabloid format, in 1976, Rupert Murdoch bought Post for US$30.5 million. Since 1993, Post has been owned by News Corporation and its successor, News Corp and its editorial offices are located at 1211 Avenue of the Americas. New York Post, established on November 16,1801 as New-York Evening Post, the Hartford Courant, believed to be the oldest continuously published newspaper, was founded in 1764 as a semi-weekly paper, it did not begin publishing daily until 1836. The New Hampshire Gazette, which has trademarked its claim of being The Nations Oldest Newspaper, was founded in 1756, moreover, since the 1890s it has been published only for weekends. Post was founded by Alexander Hamilton with about US$10,000 from a group of investors in the autumn of 1801 as New-York Evening Post, the meeting at which Hamilton first recruited investors for the new paper took place in the then-country weekend villa that is now Gracie Mansion. Hamilton chose William Coleman as his first editor, the most famous 19th-century New-York Evening Post editor was the poet and abolitionist William Cullen Bryant. So well respected was New-York Evening Post under Bryants editorship, it received praise from the English philosopher John Stuart Mill, in the summer of 1829, Bryant invited William Leggett, the Locofoco Democrat, to write for the paper. There, in addition to literary and drama reviews, Leggett began to write political editorials, leggetts classical liberal philosophy entailed a fierce opposition to central banking, a support for voluntary labor unions, and a dedication to laissez-faire economics. He was a member of the Equal Rights Party, Leggett became a co-owner and editor at Post in 1831, eventually working as sole editor of the newspaper while Bryant traveled in Europe in 1834 through 1835. Another co-owner of the paper was John Bigelow, from 1849 to 1861, he was one of the editors and co-owners of New York Evening Post. In 1881 Henry Villard took control of New-York Evening Post, as well as The Nation, with this acquisition, the paper was managed by the triumvirate of Carl Schurz, Horace White, and Edwin L. Godkin. When Schurz left the paper in 1883, Godkin became editor-in-chief, White became editor-in-chief in 1899, and remained in that role until his retirement in 1903. Villard sold the paper in 1918, after allegations of pro-German sympathies during World War I hurt its circulation. The new owner was Thomas Lamont, a partner in the Wall Street firm of J. P. Morgan & Co. Conservative Cyrus H. K. Curtis—publisher of the Ladies Home Journal—purchased New-York Evening Post in 1924, in 1934, J. David Stern purchased the paper, changed its name to New York Post, and restored its broadsheet size and liberal perspective. In 1939, Dorothy Schiff purchased the paper and her husband, George Backer, was named editor and publisher
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Пабло Пикассо «Спящие крестьяне». Описание картины
Роман с русским балетом и с балериной Ольгой Хохловой начался у Пикассо в 1917 году. Художник начал писать декорации к балетам Дягилева, и именно с этим связывают возвращение Пикассо к реализму и классическим традициям.
И действительно, уж очень удивительно выглядит картина «Спящие крестьяне» на фоне ранее созданных работ в стиле кубизма. Несомненно, эту работу можно отнести к классике, хотя и весьма своеобразной. Это что-то в стиле неоклассики по личным представлениям Пикассо.
Сюжет картины очень прост – это отдыхающие крестьяне. Всё в их облике говорит об их происхождении и роде деятельности – крепкие сбитые тела пышут здоровьем и силой, большие ступни молодого человека крепко стоят на земле, огромные грубые ладони, привыкли к труду.
Цветовой колорит картины напоминает о выжженом на солнце поле. При этом характер работы «дышит» летним зноем, покоем и умиротворённостью. Крестьян Пикассо одел в яркую красивую одежду – синие, почти аквамариновые штаны на юноше, зелёная юбка на девушке, свободные белые рубахи и широкополая соломенная шляпа на голове.
Если внимательно присмотреться, то сразу становится понятно, что так безмятежно могут спать только очень утомлённые тяжёлой работой люди. Девушка провалилась в сон, закинув свои ноги на стог сена. Грудь её выглянула из сбитой сорочки, но это её не волнует — запрокинутая голова с чуть приоткрытым ртом, говорит о глубоком сне.
Юноша умудрился заснуть в полусидячей позе, облокотившись на стог и подобрав под себя правую ногу. Массивное тело с гиперболизированными конечностями контрастирует с почти детским выражением на его спящем лице. Картина намекает о близости героев друг к другу, и зритель почти не сомневается, что перед ними крестьянская чета.
Крестьяне погружены в сон, а вокруг плавится знойный полдень. Позы этих крестьян настолько натуралистичны и раскованы, что непроизвольно посещает мысль – эти люди сделаны из другого теста. Их жизнь тяжела, но они свободны от тесных оков морали и светского этикета. Почему они спят в разгар дня? Наверное, потому что их рабочий день начался ещё с первыми рассветными лучами, а сейчас они отдыхают и выжигающее солнце им нипочём.
Рассматривая работу, отмечаешь про себя и грубоватые фигуры, и громадные руки, но неизменно ощущаешь красоту этого полотна. Другая эстетика, иные герои, но невероятно гармоничные и прекрасные.
«Спящие крестьяне» 1919 г. Музей современного искусства, Нью-Йорк, США
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Описание картины Пабло Пикассо «Спящая девушка»
Одной из известных работ периода сюрреализма Пабло Пикассо, является портрет «Спящая девушка» 1935 года. На картине изображена Мария Тереза Вальтер – натурщица, муза и любовница знаменитого испанского художника.
Пикассо встретил Марию, когда ей была 17 лет, в то время уже состоял в браке с русской балериной Ольгой Хохловой, а их сыну было 5 лет. Брак художника, а также несовершеннолетие Марии, были основными причинами, из-за которых художник долгое время скрывал свой роман. Но скрывать свой роман в своем творчестве Пикассо не удалось, ведь то, с какой нежностью и любовью изображалась на картинах Мария, не могло остаться незамеченным. Эта женщина серьезно повлияла на творчество испанского гения.
«Спящая девушка» – это картина, что относится к целому циклу работ с изображением юной любовницы художника, глядя на данную работу художника, чувствуется теплота и нежность женского сна или полудрема. Данные эмоции на столько четко переданы, что иногда зрители в страхе разбудить прекрасную Марию, даже говорят шепотом. Идея сонной, мечтательно и любящей женщины, еще много раз повторяется в работах Пикассо.
Мария также часто позировала обнаженной и судя по данным картинам, она скорее была объектом вожделения, страсти художника, но никак не равноправной любви.
После рождения у Марии дочери Майи, жене художника стало известно об его изменах и она сразу забрала сына и уехала. Позже у Пикассо появилась еще одна любовница Дора Маар, однажды, любовницы столкнулись в его мастерской, и между ними даже возникла драка, этот момент он назвал одним из самых ярких воспоминаний в своей жизни. Мария Тереза Вальтер до последних дней Пикассо поддерживала с ним отношения и мечтала выйти за него замуж, но этого так и не случилось. Через 4 года после смерти художника, она повесилась в своем гараже.
В 2011 картина «Спящая девушка» ушла с молотка аукциона Кристис за космические 21.9 млн. долларов, покупатель мирового шедевра пожелал остаться неизвестным.
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