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Викторианская сказочная живопись. Викторианские картины

Викторианская сказочная живопись — википедия фото

Белый Рыцарь в «Алисе в Зазеркалье» — автопортрет Тенниелa

Большинство художников Fairy painting писали картины на сюжеты «сказочных» шекспировских пьес «Сон в летнюю ночь» и «Буря», на фольклорные сюжеты и сюжеты волшебных сказок. Первоначально это направление было связано преимущественно со станковой живописью, позже — с книжной графикой[6][7].

Fairy painting в станковой живописи

По мнению искусствоведов, первым викторианским художником, создавшим подобные работы и получившим признание критики именно за свои сказочные картины, был Ричард Дадд (1817—1886). Картина «Спящая Титания» создана художником в 1841 году одновременно с другой картиной на сюжет «Сна в летнюю ночь» — «Пак». «Спящая Титания» неоднократно была представлена на выставках: 1841 год в Королевской Академии художеств в Лондоне (Летняя выставка, экспонат № 207, здесь картина имела широкий успех и привлекла к художнику внимание лорда Томаса Филиппса, который предоставил Дадду средства для путешествия на Ближний Восток и в Египет), в Манчестере (Художественные сокровища Соединенного Королевства, 1857, экспонат № 477), в Лондоне. В августе 1843 года, увидев в своём отце воплощение дьявола, Дадд убил его ножом (перерезав ему горло и добив ударом ножа в грудь) и направился в Париж; по пути он пытался убить ещё одного человека, был схвачен во Франции полицией. Современные исследователи предполагают, что он страдал от шизофрении (видимо, он был к ней предрасположен генетически — жертвами умственного расстройства стали все его братья), либо от биполярного расстройства. Дадда поместили в психиатрическую клинику Бедлам, а в 1864 году перевели в Бродмур (англ.)русск.. В лечебницах Дадд продолжал заниматься живописью, создал миниатюрные, тщательно выписанные, фантастические по сюжету, атмосфере и колориту полотна «Спор: Оберон и Титания» (1854—1858), «Мастерский замах сказочного дровосека» (1855—1864)[8].

Среди наиболее известных художников этого направления: Джозеф Ноэль Пэтон, Дэниэл Маклис, Джон Анстер Фицджеральд. Картинам Джона Анстера Фицджеральда свойственен зловещий и трагический характер. Искусствоведы объясняют это ирландской фольклорной традицией изображения волшебных персонажей злыми, а не добрыми, а также воздействием наркотиков, которые, вероятно, употреблял художник. Некоторые его картины — «Мистика снов» (англ. The stuff Dreams are Made, 1858), «Пленённая мечтательница» (англ. The Captive Dreamer, 1856), позволяют предположить знакомство с опием и лауданумом. В этих картинах появляются гоблиноподобные фигуры, разносящие прозрачные бокалы с загадочным напитком и склянки, в которых в викторианскую эпоху продавали в аптеках лауданум. Художнику принадлежит цикл о таинственных существах сказочного мира, в частности о конфликте сказочного мира и Малиновки (в русском языке иногда её переводят как имя собственное Робин, в английском языке она — символ Рождества с середины XIX века): «Малиновка, защищающая свое гнездо», «Пленённая Малиновка», а особенно — «Кто убил Малиновку?» (англ. Who killed Cock Robin?), «Похороны феи» (англ. The Fairy’s Funeral, 1864), «Корабль фей» (англ. The Fairies Barque, 1860). Искусствоведы отмечают тщательно выписанных птиц, цветы и насекомых, которым противостоят небрежно набросанные фигуры человекоподобных сказочных персонажей[9].

Джон Симмонс изображал обнажённую натуру (чаще всего — Титанию), которую он включал в фантастический пейзаж, служивший ей декоративным обрамлением, критики единодушно отмечали преднамеренный эротизм его полотен[10]. Большинство картин Симмонса просты по композиции и обычно изображают одну или две фигуры в обрамлении из листвы, причудливых цветов или зарослей вьюнка. Каталог аукциона Bonhams утверждает, что художник изображает «Королеву фей как стандарт викторианской женской красоты». Художник стирает границы между реальностью и мечтой, он создает поэтическое видение пьесы Шекспира. Каталог цитирует Шарлотту Гир, которая отмечает параллели творчества Симменса с ориентализмом и его сложные отношения со зрителем-вуайеристом[11]. Картины Симмонса на сказочные сюжеты дают сюрреалистический эффект от умелого использования света и реалистичных деталей, которые он использует для изображением животных и растений[12].

Отдельные работы в сказочном жанре создали прерафаэлиты: Джон Эверетт Милле («Фердинанд, зачарованный Ариэлем»), Артур Хьюз, Уильям Белл Скотт. Некоторые работы Джона Аткинсона Гримшоу и Джозефа Уильяма Тёрнера близки этому направлению[13].

Некоторые художники, как например Марк Ланселот Симонс, продолжали работать в рамках этого направления и позже. Картина Марка Ланселота Симонса «A Fairy Tale» основана на эпизоде из пьесы Уильяма Шекспира «Сон в летнюю ночь». На картине, однако, изображены не королева фей в окружении её приближённых, как это должно следовать из сюжета, а маленькие обнажённые дети в лесу среди цветов, играющие друг с другом, не подозревая о грозящей им опасности и событиях, которые им ещё только предстоит пережить, и спящая среди них девочка. Симонс был глубоко религиозен, интерес к сказочной тематике и миру фей сочетался у него с широкой общественной религиозной деятельностью, он состоял в добровольной международной ассоциации римско-католической церкви Catholic Evidence Guild (англ.)русск., выступал в качестве её представителя на диспутах в Гайд-парке в Лондоне[14][15].

Сказочная живопись в викторианской книжной графике

К концу викторианской эпохи сказочная живопись сменила сферу своего существования, перейдя из станковой живописи в книжную графику, к подобным примерам обычно относят художников Артура Рэкема («Пак с холмов Пука» Редьярда Киплинга; совместная работа Рэкема и Джеймса Мэтью Барри «Питер Пэн в Кенсингтонском саду», 1867—1939), Эдмунда Дюлака (1882—1953), Генри Джастиса Форда (1860—1941)[6].

Наиболее ярким примером подобной графики некоторые искусствоведы считают творчество Луиса Уильяма Уэйна (1860—1939). Его специфическому увлечению антропоморфными кошками способствовали трагические события личной жизни. Его молодая супруга заболела раком и была прикована к кровати, семья испытывала серьёзные финансовые проблемы. Единственным утешением в ней стал котёнок, которого художник обучал носить очки, сидеть перед книгой, делая вид, что читает. Именно умирающая супруга убедила мужа предоставить рисунки для публикации. Кошки на рисунках носят человеческую одежду, широко улыбаются и используют человеческую мимику, музицируют, играют в карты, курят, загорают на пляже. Художник писал: «Я… просто рисую людей в их обычных позах, как кошек, наделяя их как можно более человечными чертами. Это придаёт моим работам двойственную натуру, и я считаю их своими лучшими шутками»[16]. У художника, который всегда считался оригиналом, обнаружилось психическое расстройство, оно стремительно прогрессировало, Уэйн начал страдать от галлюцинаций. Последние годы жизни художник провёл в психиатрической лечебнице. Кошки в его последних работах теряют антропоморфные черты и превращаются в абстрактные узоры[17].

Первые издания сказок Льюиса Кэрролла проиллюстрировал художник Джон Тенниел. Работа над иллюстрациями к книгам Кэрролла проходила в постоянных спорах художника с писателем. Так, например, изображение Белого Рыцаря (шахматного коня), которого Кэрролл считал своим alter ego, в итоге превратилось в стилизованный автопортрет самого Тенниела. Лев и Единорог — шаржи на известных в то время политиков, премьер-министра консерватора Бенджамина Дизраэли и лидера либеральной партии Уильяма Гладстона. Современники восприняли иллюстрации с недоумением. Один из них писал: «Иллюстрации мистера Тенниела грубоваты, мрачны, неуклюжи, несмотря на то, что художник чрезвычайно изобретателен и, как всегда, почти величествен»[18][19].

Артур Рэкем — английский художник, который проиллюстрировал практически всю классическую детскую литературу на английском языке («Ветер в ивах», «Алиса в Стране чудес», «Питер Пэн в Кенсингтонском саду»), а также «Сон в летнюю ночь» Шекспира. Он неоднократно удостаивался золотых медалей на всемирных выставках. В 1914 году прошла его персональная выставка в Лувре. Рэкем был в первую очередь блестящим рисовальщиком, отдавая предпочтение прихотливо извивающимся линиям. Его мир населяют причудливые создания вроде гномов, эльфов и фей, в чертах некоторых угадывается портретное сходство с автором. Цвета же смягчены и играют подчинённую роль[20]

Карикатурист и иллюстратор Томас Майбанк активно работал над сказочными образами между 1898 и 1912 годами в станковой живописи, позже он переключился на книжную графику и создал иллюстрации к пьесе Уильяма Шекспира «Сон в летнюю ночь»[21]. Особую популярность приобрело издание «Приключений Алисы в стране чудес» Льюиса Кэрролла, опубликованное в 1907 году и иллюстрированное художником[22]. Он создал также иллюстрации для поэмы Майкла Дрейтона (англ.)русск. (1563—1631) «Нимфидия, или двор фей» (1627, англ. «Nymphidia, the Court of Fairy»)[23].

Книжная графика Фредерика Кейли Робинсона вдохновляется образами Мориса Метерлинка (с которым он был лично знаком), творчеством прерафаэлитов и образцами французского символизма, однако продолжает традиции викторианской сказочной живописи[24].

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Викторианская сказочная живопись - WikiVisually

1. Фея – A fairy is a type of mythical being or legendary creature in European folklore, a form of spirit, often described as metaphysical, supernatural, or preternatural. According to Thomas Keightley, the word derives from the Latin fata. Other forms are the Italian fata, and the Provençal fada, in old French romance, fee was a woman skilled in magic, and who knew the power and virtue of words, of stones, and of herbs. Faierie became fairy, but with that now almost exclusively referring to one of the legendary people. The word fairy was used to represent an illusion, or enchantment, to the word faie was added the suffix -erie, used to express either a place where something is found or a trade or typical activity engaged in. In later usage it applied to any kind of quality or activity associated with a particular type of person. In the sense land where fairies dwell, the distinctive and archaic spellings Faery, the latinate fay is not to be confused with the unrelated fey, meaning fated to die. Various folkloristic traditions refer to them euphemistically, by such as wee folk, good folk, people of peace, fair folk. Sometimes the term fairy is used to any magical creature, including goblins or gnomes, at other times. Fairies have their origin in the conflation of Celtic traditions in the Middle French medieval romances. Fairie was in origin used adjectivally, meaning enchanted, but was used as a name for enchanted creatures from as early as the Late Middle English period. In English literature of the Elizabethan era, elves became conflated with the fairies of Romance culture, the Victorian and Edwardian eras saw an increase in interest in fairies. The Celtic Revival viewed them as part of Irelands cultural heritage, carole Silvers and others suggest that the fascination of English antiquarians arose from a reaction to greater industrialization, and loss of folkways. Fairies are generally described as human in appearance and having magical powers, even with these small fairies, however, their small size may be magically assumed rather than constant. Some fairies though normally quite small were able to dilate their figures to imitate humans, on Orkney they were described as short in stature, dressed in dark grey, and sometimes seen in armour. Wings, while common in Victorian and later artwork of fairies, are rare in the folklore, even very small fairies flew with magic. Nowadays, fairies are depicted with ordinary insect wings or butterfly wings. In some folklore, fairies have green eyes, some depictions of fairies either have them wearing some sort of footwear and other depictions of fairies are always barefoot

2. Фольклор – Folklore is the body of expressive culture shared by a particular group of people, it encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture or group. These include oral traditions such as tales, proverbs and jokes and they include material culture, ranging from traditional building styles to handmade toys common to the group. Folklore also includes customary lore, the forms and rituals of celebrations like Christmas and weddings, folk dances, each one of these, either singly or in combination, is considered a folklore artifact. Just as essential as the form, folklore also encompasses the transmission of these artifacts from one region to another or from one generation to the next, for folklore is not taught in a formal school curriculum or studied in the fine arts. Instead these traditions are passed along informally from one individual to another either through verbal instruction or demonstration, the academic study of folklore is called folkloristics. To fully understand folklore, it is helpful to clarify its component parts and it is well-documented that the term was coined in 1846 by the Englishman William Thoms. He fabricated it to replace the contemporary terminology of popular antiquities or popular literature, the second half of the compound word, lore, proves easier to define as its meaning has stayed relatively stable over the last two centuries. Coming from Old English lār instruction, and with German and Dutch cognates, it is the knowledge and traditions of a particular group, the concept of folk proves somewhat more elusive. When Thoms first created this term, folk applied only to rural, frequently poor, a more modern definition of folk is a social group which includes two or more persons with common traits, who express their shared identity through distinctive traditions. Folk is a concept which can refer to a nation as in American folklore or to a single family. This expanded social definition of folk supports a view of the material, i. e. the lore. These now include all things people make with words, things they make with their hands, Folklore is no longer circumscribed as being chronologically old or obsolete. The folklorist studies the traditional artifacts of a group and how they are transmitted. Transmission is a part of the folklore process. Without communicating these beliefs and customs within the group over space and time, for folklore is also a verb. These folk artifacts continue to be passed along informally, as a rule anonymously, the folk group is not individualistic, it is community-based and nurtures its lore in community. As new groups emerge, new folklore is created… surfers, motorcyclists, in direct contrast to high culture, where any single work of a named artist is protected by copyright law, folklore is a function of shared identity within the social group. Having identified folk artifacts, the professional folklorist strives to understand the significance of these beliefs, customs, for these cultural units would not be passed along unless they had some continued relevance within the group

3. Холст, Теодор фон – Theodor Richard Edward von Holst was a nineteenth-century British literary painter. Von Holst was born in London, the fourth of the five children of Matthias, Von Holsts drawing talents were noticed by the artist Henry Fuseli and Sir Thomas Lawrence. Lawrence even bought drawings from the ten-year-old Von Holst, Fuseli trained the young man in early years, after which he was admitted to the Royal Academy Schools in 1824. Like Fuseli, Von Holst painted mostly famous literary subjects of European culture and he drew from the works of Virgil, Dante, William Shakespeare, Mary Shelley, and Victor Hugo. Von Holst was the first artist to illustrate Shelleys novel Frankenstein in 1831, however, the German Romantics, particularly the works of Goethe, E. T. A. Hoffmann, and Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, were the basis of almost half his works. Von Holst became the most prolific English illustrator of German Romance, as Browne explains, while exceptional imagination and draughtsmanship were widely praised, his choice of subjects were out of step with the age and public taste. His penchant for the demonic, supernatural, and erotic led to a degree of neglect that was otherwise undeserved, however, Von Holst exhibited 49 paintings at major exhibitions in London and sold portraits to collectors. On 17 August 1841, Von Holst married Amelia Thomasina Symmes Villard in Marylebone, Von Holst died from a disease of the liver at his home in London and was buried on 21 February 1844. After his death, his works were sold on 26 June 1844, the composer Gustav Holst, whose middle name was Theodore, was his grand-nephew. Browne, Max, Theodor Richard Edward von Holst, oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Last retrieved September 11,2008, cited as ODNB

4. Неоготика – Gothic Revival is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style, including decorative patterns, finials, scalloping, lancet windows, hood mouldings, the Gothic Revival movement emerged in 19th-century England. Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with a re-awakening of High Church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism, ultimately, the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became widespread for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century. The Gothic Revival was paralleled and supported by medievalism, which had its roots in antiquarian concerns with survivals, as industrialisation progressed, a reaction against machine production and the appearance of factories also grew. Proponents of the such as Thomas Carlyle and Augustus Pugin took a critical view of industrial society. To Pugin, Gothic architecture was infused with the Christian values that had been supplanted by classicism and were being destroyed by industrialisation, poems such as Idylls of the King by Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson recast specifically modern themes in medieval settings of Arthurian romance. In German literature, the Gothic Revival also had a grounding in literary fashions, guarino Guarini, a 17th-century Theatine monk active primarily in Turin, recognized the Gothic order as one of the primary systems of architecture and made use of it in his practice. Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland, inveraray Castle, constructed from 1746, with design input from William Adam, displays the incorporation of turrets. These were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some features of the Scots baronial style. The eccentric landscape designer Batty Langley even attempted to improve Gothic forms by giving them classical proportions, a younger generation, taking Gothic architecture more seriously, provided the readership for J. Brittens series of Cathedral Antiquities, which began appearing in 1814. In 1817, Thomas Rickman wrote an Attempt. to name and define the sequence of Gothic styles in English ecclesiastical architecture, the categories he used were Norman, Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular. It went through numerous editions and was still being republished by 1881. The largest and most famous Gothic cathedrals in the U. S. A. are St. Patricks Cathedral in New York City and Washington National Cathedral on Mount St. Alban in northwest Washington, D. C. One of the biggest churches in Gothic Revival style in Canada is Basilica of Our Lady Immaculate in Ontario, Gothic Revival architecture was to remain one of the most popular and long-lived of the Gothic Revival styles of architecture. The revived Gothic style was not limited to architecture, classical Gothic buildings of the 12th to 16th Centuries were a source of inspiration to 19th-century designers in numerous fields of work. Architectural elements such as pointed arches, steep-sloping roofs and fancy carvings like lace ant lattice work were applied to a range of Gothic Revival objects. Sir Walter Scotts Abbotsford exemplifies in its furnishings the Regency Gothic style, parties in medieval historical dress and entertainment were popular among the wealthy in the 1800s but has spread in the late 20th century to the well-educated middle class as well. By the mid-19th century, Gothic traceries and niches could be inexpensively re-created in wallpaper, the illustrated catalogue for the Great Exhibition of 1851 is replete with Gothic detail, from lacemaking and carpet designs to heavy machinery

5. Романтизм – Romanticism was characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical. It was embodied most strongly in the arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education. It elevated folk art and ancient custom to something noble, Romanticism assigned a high value to the achievements of heroic individualists and artists, whose examples, it maintained, would raise the quality of society. It also promoted the individual imagination as a critical authority allowed of freedom from classical notions of form in art, there was a strong recourse to historical and natural inevitability, a Zeitgeist, in the representation of its ideas. In the second half of the 19th century, Realism was offered as a polar opposite to Romanticism, the decline of Romanticism during this time was associated with multiple processes, including social and political changes and the spread of nationalism. Defining the nature of Romanticism may be approached from the point of the primary importance of the free expression of the feelings of the artist. The importance the Romantics placed on emotion is summed up in the remark of the German painter Caspar David Friedrich that the feeling is his law. Samuel Taylor Coleridge and others believed there were laws that the imagination—at least of a good creative artist—would unconsciously follow through artistic inspiration if left alone. As well as rules, the influence of models from other works was considered to impede the creators own imagination, so that originality was essential. The concept of the genius, or artist who was able to produce his own work through this process of creation from nothingness, is key to Romanticism. This idea is called romantic originality. Not essential to Romanticism, but so widespread as to be normative, was a strong belief, however, this is particularly in the effect of nature upon the artist when he is surrounded by it, preferably alone. Romantic art addressed its audiences with what was intended to be felt as the voice of the artist. So, in literature, much of romantic poetry invited the reader to identify the protagonists with the poets themselves. In both French and German the closeness of the adjective to roman, meaning the new literary form of the novel, had some effect on the sense of the word in those languages. It is only from the 1820s that Romanticism certainly knew itself by its name, the period typically called Romantic varies greatly between different countries and different artistic media or areas of thought. Margaret Drabble described it in literature as taking place roughly between 1770 and 1848, and few dates much earlier than 1770 will be found. In English literature, M. H. Abrams placed it between 1789, or 1798, this latter a very typical view, and about 1830, however, in most fields the Romantic Period is said to be over by about 1850, or earlier

6. Фюссли, Иоганн Генрих – Henry Fuseli RA was a Swiss painter, draughtsman and writer on art who spent much of his life in Britain. Many of his works, such as The Nightmare, deal with supernatural subject-matter and he painted works for John Boydells Shakespeare Gallery, and created his own Milton Gallery. He held the posts of Professor of Painting and Keeper at the Royal Academy and his style had a considerable influence on many younger British artists, including William Blake. Fuseli was born in Zürich, Switzerland, the second of 18 children and his father was Johann Caspar Füssli, a painter of portraits and landscapes, and author of Lives of the Helvetic Painters. He intended Henry for the church, and sent him to the Caroline college of Zurich, one of his schoolmates there was Johann Kaspar Lavater, with whom he became close friends. After taking orders in 1761 Fuseli was forced to leave the country as a result of having helped Lavater to expose an unjust magistrate and he travelled through Germany, and then, in 1765, visited England, where he supported himself for some time by miscellaneous writing. Eventually, he acquainted with Sir Joshua Reynolds, to whom he showed his drawings. Following Reynolds advice, he decided to devote entirely to art. In 1770 he made an art-pilgrimage to Italy, where he remained until 1778, Early in 1779 he returned to Britain, taking in Zürich on his way. In London he found a commission awaiting him from Alderman Boydell, Fuseli painted a number of pieces for Boydell, and published an English edition of Lavaters work on physiognomy. He also gave William Cowper some valuable assistance in preparing a translation of Homer, in 1788 Fuseli married Sophia Rawlins, and he soon after became an associate of the Royal Academy. Fuseli later said I hate clever women, in 1790 he became a full Academician, presenting Thor Battering the Midgard Serpent as his diploma work. In 1799 Fuseli was appointed professor of painting to the Academy, four years later he was chosen as Keeper, and resigned his professorship, but resumed it in 1810, continuing to hold both offices until his death. As Keeper, he was succeeded by Henry Thomson, in 1799 Fuseli exhibited a series of paintings from subjects furnished by the works of John Milton, with a view to forming a Milton gallery comparable to Boydells Shakespeare gallery. There were 47 Milton paintings, many of them very large, the exhibition proved a commercial failure and closed in 1800. In 1805 he brought out an edition of Pilkingtons Lives of the Painters, which did little for his reputation. Antonio Canova, when on his visit to England, was taken with Fuselis works. As a painter, Fuseli favoured the supernatural and he pitched everything on an ideal scale, believing a certain amount of exaggeration necessary in the higher branches of historical painting

7. Блейк, Уильям – William Blake was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. Largely unrecognised during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a figure in the history of the poetry. His so-called prophetic works were said by 20th century critic Northrop Frye to form what is in proportion to its merits the least read body of poetry in the English language. His visual artistry led 21st-century critic Jonathan Jones to proclaim him far, in 2002, Blake was placed at number 38 in the BBCs poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. Although he lived in London his entire life, he produced a diverse and symbolically rich œuvre and his paintings and poetry have been characterised as part of the Romantic movement and as Pre-Romantic. Reverent of the Bible but hostile to the Church of England, Blake was influenced by the ideals and ambitions of the French, despite these known influences, the singularity of Blakes work makes him difficult to classify. William Blake was born on 28 November 1757 at 28 Broad Street in Soho and he was the third of seven children, two of whom died in infancy. Blakes father, James, was a hosier and he attended school only long enough to learn reading and writing, leaving at the age of ten, and was otherwise educated at home by his mother Catherine Blake. Even though the Blakes were English Dissenters, William was baptised on 11 December at St Jamess Church, Piccadilly, the Bible was an early and profound influence on Blake, and remained a source of inspiration throughout his life. Blake started engraving copies of drawings of Greek antiquities purchased for him by his father, within these drawings Blake found his first exposure to classical forms through the work of Raphael, Michelangelo, Maarten van Heemskerck and Albrecht Dürer. The number of prints and bound books that James and Catherine were able to purchase for young William suggests that the Blakes enjoyed, at least for a time, a comfortable wealth. When William was ten years old, his parents knew enough of his headstrong temperament that he was not sent to school and he read avidly on subjects of his own choosing. During this period, Blake made explorations into poetry, his work displays knowledge of Ben Jonson, Edmund Spenser. On 4 August 1772, Blake was apprenticed to engraver James Basire of Great Queen Street, at the sum of £52.10, at the end of the term, aged 21, he became a professional engraver. This aside, Basires style of line-engraving was of a kind held at the time to be old-fashioned compared to the flashier stipple or mezzotint styles. It has been speculated that Blakes instruction in this form may have been detrimental to his acquiring of work or recognition in later life. After two years, Basire sent his apprentice to copy images from the Gothic churches in London and his experiences in Westminster Abbey helped form his artistic style and ideas. The Abbey of his day was decorated with suits of armour, painted funeral effigies, ackroyd notes that. the most immediate would have been of faded brightness and colour

8. Братья Гримм – Their first collection of folk tales, Childrens and Household Tales, was published in 1812. The brothers spent their formative years in the German town of Hanau and their fathers death in 1796 caused great poverty for the family and affected the brothers for many years after. They both attended the University of Marburg where they developed a curiosity about German folklore, which grew into a dedication to collecting German folk tales. The rise of romanticism during the 19th century revived interest in folk stories. With the goal of researching a scholarly treatise on folk tales, between 1812 and 1857, their first collection was revised and republished many times, growing from 86 stories to more than 200. The popularity of the Grimms best folk tales has endured well, Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm was born on 4 January 1785 and his brother Wilhelm Carl Grimm on 24 February 1786. They were the second- and third-eldest surviving siblings in a family of nine children, in 1791, the family moved to the countryside town of Steinau, when Philipp was employed there as district magistrate. The family became prominent members of the community, residing in a home surrounded by fields. Biographer Jack Zipes writes that the brothers were happy in Steinau, the children were educated at home by private tutors, receiving strict instruction as Lutherans that instilled in both a lifelong religious faith. In 1796, Philipp Grimm died of pneumonia, plunging his family into poverty, Dorothea depended on financial support from her father and sister, first lady-in-waiting at the court of William I, Elector of Hesse. Jacob was the eldest living son, and he was forced at age 11 to assume adult responsibilities for the two years. The two boys adhered to the advice of their grandfather, who continually exhorted them to be industrious, the brothers left Steinau and their family in 1798 to attend the Friedrichsgymnasium in Kassel, which had been arranged and paid for by their aunt. By then, they were without a provider, forcing them to rely entirely on each other. The two brothers differed in temperament, Jacob was introspective and Wilhelm was outgoing, sharing a strong work ethic, they excelled in their studies. In Kassel, they became aware of their inferior social status relative to high-born students who received more attention. Still, each brother graduated at the head of his class, Jacob in 1803, after graduation from the Friedrichsgymnasium, the brothers attended the University of Marburg. The university was small with about 200 students and there they became aware that students of lower social status were not treated equally. They were disqualified from admission because of their standing and had to request dispensation to study law

9. Алиса в Стране чудес – Alices Adventures in Wonderland is an 1865 novel written by English mathematician Charles Lutwidge Dodgson under the pseudonym Lewis Carroll. It tells of a girl named Alice falling through a hole into a fantasy world populated by peculiar. The tale plays with logic, giving the story lasting popularity with adults as well as with children and it is considered to be one of the best examples of the literary nonsense genre. Its narrative course and structure, characters and imagery have been influential in both popular culture and literature, especially in the fantasy genre. The journey began at Folly Bridge in Oxford and ended 3 miles north-west in the village of Godstow, during the trip, Dodgson told the girls a story that featured a bored little girl named Alice who goes looking for an adventure. The girls loved it, and Alice Liddell asked Dodgson to write it down for her and he began writing the manuscript of the story the next day, although that earliest version no longer exists. The girls and Dodgson took another boat trip a month later when he elaborated the plot to the story of Alice, and in November he began working on the manuscript in earnest. To add the finishing touches, he researched natural history for the animals presented in the book and he added his own illustrations but approached John Tenniel to illustrate the book for publication, telling him that the story had been well liked by children. Some, including Martin Gardner, speculate that there was a version that was destroyed later by Dodgson when he wrote a more elaborate copy by hand. Chapter One – Down the Rabbit Hole, Alice is feeling bored and drowsy while sitting on the riverbank with her older sister and she then notices a White Rabbit wearing a waistcoat and pocket watch, talking to itself as it runs past. She follows it down a hole, but suddenly falls a long way to a curious hall with many locked doors of all sizes. She finds a key to a door too small for her to fit through. She then discovers a bottle on a table labelled DRINK ME, the contents of which cause her to shrink too small to reach the key and she eats a cake with EAT ME written on it in currants as the chapter closes. Chapter Two – The Pool of Tears, Chapter Two opens with Alice growing to such a size that her head hits the ceiling. Alice is unhappy and, as she cries, her tears flood the hallway, after shrinking down again due to a fan she had picked up, Alice swims through her own tears and meets a Mouse, who is swimming as well. She tries to make small talk with him in elementary French, offends the mouse and he tries to escape her. Chapter Three – The Caucus Race and a Long Tale, The sea of tears becomes crowded with other animals, Alice and the other animals convene on the bank and the question among them is how to get dry again. The Mouse gives them a very dry lecture on William the Conqueror, a Dodo decides that the best thing to dry them off would be a Caucus-Race, which consists of everyone running in a circle with no clear winner

10. Льюис Кэрролл – Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, better known by his pen name Lewis Carroll, was an English writer, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon, and photographer. He is noted for his facility at word play, logic, There are societies in many parts of the world dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the investigation of his life. Dodgsons family was predominantly northern English, with Irish connections, conservative, most of Dodgsons male ancestors were army officers or Church of England clergy. His great-grandfather, also named Charles Dodgson, had risen through the ranks of the church to become the Bishop of Elphin. His paternal grandfather, another Charles, had been an army captain, the older of these sons – yet another Charles Dodgson – was Carrolls father. He went to Westminster School and then to Christ Church, Oxford and he reverted to the other family tradition and took holy orders. He was mathematically gifted and won a double first degree, which could have been the prelude to a brilliant academic career, instead, he married his first cousin Frances Jane Lutwidge in 1830 and became a country parson. Dodgson was born in the parsonage at Daresbury in Cheshire near the towns of Warrington and Runcorn. When Charles was 11, his father was given the living of Croft-on-Tees in North Yorkshire, and this remained their home for the next 25 years. He was High Church, inclining to Anglo-Catholicism, an admirer of John Henry Newman and the Tractarian movement, Young Charles was to develop an ambiguous relationship with his fathers values and with the Church of England as a whole. During his early youth, Dodgson was educated at home and his reading lists preserved in the family archives testify to a precocious intellect, at the age of seven, he was reading books such as The Pilgrims Progress. He also suffered from a stammer – a condition shared by most of his siblings – that often influenced his life throughout his years. At the age of twelve, he was sent to Richmond Grammar School at nearby Richmond, in 1846, Dodgson entered Rugby School where he was evidently unhappy, as he wrote some years after leaving, I cannot say. That any earthly considerations would induce me to go through my three years again, I can honestly say that if I could have been. Secure from annoyance at night, the hardships of the daily life would have been comparative trifles to bear, scholastically, though, he excelled with apparent ease. I have not had a promising boy at his age since I came to Rugby. He left Rugby at the end of 1849 and matriculated at Oxford in May 1850 as a member of his fathers old college, after waiting for rooms in college to become available, he went into residence in January 1851. He had been at Oxford only two days when he received a summons home and his mother had died of inflammation of the brain – perhaps meningitis or a stroke – at the age of 47

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Рисунки Викторианской эпохи - Leżę pod gruszą

Истинные леди Викторианской эпохи (часть первая)

В моей коллекции графики есть совершенно замечательные гавюры по рисункам художников Викторианской эпохи. Предлагаю ими полюбоваться. Красавицы с покатыми плечами и не догадывались, что через столетие, дамы буду в свои наряды подкладывать ватные подплечики... Каждая эпоха имеет свои каноны женской красоты. В Викторианскую эпоху дамам полагалось иметь покатые плечи , огромны глаза, волосы, как правило расчёсанные на прямой пробор и, как правило, причёски с обилием локонов... Начать мне хочется свой пост с изображеня самой "виновницы", по имени которой и названа целая эпоха - с королевы Виктрии.

Вильям Дроумонд Королева Виктория с принцем Уэлльским и принцессой Викторией