Музей ЧерномырдинаОтречение Петра (картина Рембрандта). Отречение петра картина рембрандта
Описание картины Рембрандта «Отречение Петра»
Мрачная картина в коричневых тонах, слабо освящаемая пламенем свечи, демонстрирует один из известных религиозных сюжетов. «Отречение Петра» значится в Евангелиях четырех апостолов. Новозаветный эпизод всегда описывается одинаково.
На тайной вечере из уст Иисуса звучит предсказание о скором предательстве всех его учеников. Петр будет отрекаться от любимого учителя трижды. Не верил верный до сих пор апостол в сказанное Христом, но сказанному суждено было сбыться. И, схваченный ночью солдатами, Петр отрицает знакомство с Иисусом, чтобы не быть схваченным ими.
Рембрандт гениально воплотил на холсте эпизод Страстей Христовых. Изображенное на картине сюжетно делится на два плана. Позади угадываются очертания Спасителя, смотрящего в сторону зрителя и Петра. Он повернут к нам спиной, где видны связанные руки. Рядом – арестовавший его военный.
Передний план повествует о моменте предательства ученика. Взгляд его испуганный. Положением тела он выказывает желание устраниться от неожиданной облавы. Бесцеремонная служанка, чувствуя себя уверенной под защитой расположившихся за ней двух солдат, дерзко облокачивается левой рукой о плечо подозреваемого, другой рукой освещая его лицо свечой.
Одухотворенный лик пойманного верующего красив и полон достоинства: прямой нос, умные глаза, благородная седина бороды. Его светлые одеяния намекают на принадлежность к добрым силам.
Петр впоследствии раскается в совершенном отречении и заслужит прощение. Солдаты же больше погружены во тьму. Один из них сидит, сложив доспехи, и с подозрением взирает на встреченного мужчину.
Картина написана в 1660 году в традициях господствовавшего барокко. Мастерски сопоставив свет и тень, Рембрандт передал зрителям целостный многофигурный библейский сюжет.
Отречение апостола Петра Картина Рембрандта
Живопись эпохи барокко Картина голландского живописца Рембрандта ван Рейна «Отречение апостола Петра». Размер картины 154 x 169 см, холст, масло. Человек стоит перед выбором. Человек, который не справляется и всё-таки призван идти своим путём, исполнять своё задание. Человек - в разладе с самим собой, в противоречии, современник Рембрандта; творческая диалектика художника вновь и вновь ставит его перед жизненными испытаниями, критически и с участием. Картина Рембрандта явно следует тексту апостола Луки, только там находится то примечательное, образно преобразованное рембрандтовской психологией предложение: «Тогда Господь, обратившись, взглянул на Петра...».
«Как мощнй блок, охваченный широкими плоскостями шерстяного плаща, возвышается грузная фигура Петра. Твёрдо и тяжело обрамляет плащ сильное широкое лицо апостола с открытым лбом, прямым благородным носом, окладистой бородой и большими добрыми глазами. Как предназначенная для вечности статуя вырастает его фигура среди толпы грубых и жестоких людей: служанки и охранников... Стражник передней группы, написанный даже для того времени с необычайной объёмностью, грозит разрушить всю композицию. Острее, чем в выражении лица Петра, ощущается в этой неуравновешенности композиции стремление Петра остаться верным.
Грубые и пошлые фигуры этой группы, образующие жанровую картину, тяжестью своих тел и заурядностью существования подавляют апостола, не понимая его достоинства и величия. Неотёсанный воин, сидя на краю колодца, положил свой короткий меч на его край, нахлобучил свой красивый, прекрасно написанный шлем на колено и готовится отпить крепкий глоток из фляги. Служанка же, чувствуя себя уверенно в окружении её вооружённых приятелей, светит апостолу нахально в лицо, неуклюже положив руку со свечей на его плечо, а другой, как рефлектором, направляет свет на благородный лик. Она уже произнесла слова: «И этот был с ним». Пьющий отстраняет флягу, его взгляд мрачнеет, охрана за ним прислушивается, готовясь схватить подозрительного.
Чудовищно напряжённый момент! Пётр отрекается от свего учителя. Его взгляд так невинен, что никто не сомневается в нём, но он сам не выдерживает. Он пытается уйти, уклониться. Движение обеих рук выдаёт его... Пётр даже не краснеет или, вернее, Рембрандт, странным тусклым красным светом, заполняющим всю картину, делает так, что этого никто не замечает, даже смотрящий на картину зритель» (Рихард Гаманн).
История искусства периода барокко. Далее →
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Отречение апостола Петра. Картина Рембрандта
Рембрандт Харменс ван Рейн. Отречение апостола Петра
1660. Рейксмузеум, Амстердам.
Картина голландского живописца Рембрандта ван Рейна «Отречение апостола Петра». Размер картины 154 x 169 см, холст, масло. Человек стоит перед выбором. Человек, который не справляется и всё-таки призван идти своим путём, исполнять своё задание. Человек — в разладе с самим собой, в противоречии, современник Рембрандта; творческая диалектика художника вновь и вновь ставит его перед жизненными испытаниями, критически и с участием. Картина Рембрандта явно следует тексту апостола Луки, только там находится то примечательное, образно преобразованное рембрандтовской психологией предложение: «Тогда Господь, обратившись, взглянул на Петра...».«Как мощнй блок, охваченный широкими плоскостями шерстяного плаща, возвышается грузная фигура Петра. Твёрдо и тяжело обрамляет плащ сильное широкое лицо апостола с открытым лбом, прямым благородным носом, окладистой бородой и большими добрыми глазами. Как предназначенная для вечности статуя вырастает его фигура среди толпы грубых и жестоких людей: служанки и охранников... Стражник передней группы, написанный даже для того времени с необычайной объёмностью, грозит разрушить всю композицию. Острее, чем в выражении лица Петра, ощущается в этой неуравновешенности композиции стремление Петра остаться верным. Грубые и пошлые фигуры этой группы, образующие жанровую картину, тяжестью своих тел и заурядностью существования подавляют апостола, не понимая его достоинства и величия.
Неотёсанный воин, сидя на краю колодца, положил свой короткий меч на его край, нахлобучил свой красивый, прекрасно написанный шлем на колено и готовится отпить крепкий глоток из фляги. Служанка же, чувствуя себя уверенно в окружении её вооружённых приятелей, светит апостолу нахально в лицо, неуклюже положив руку со свечей на его плечо, а другой, как рефлектором, направляет свет на благородный лик. Она уже произнесла слова: «И этот был с ним». Пьющий отстраняет флягу, его взгляд мрачнеет, охрана за ним прислушивается, готовясь схватить подозрительного. Чудовищно напряжённый момент! Пётр отрекается от свего учителя. Его взгляд так невинен, что никто не сомневается в нём, но он сам не выдерживает. Он пытается уйти, уклониться. Движение обеих рук выдаёт его... Пётр даже не краснеет или, вернее, Рембрандт, странным тусклым красным светом, заполняющим всю картину, делает так, что этого никто не замечает, даже смотрящий на картину зритель» (Рихард Гаманн).
Источник: http://smallbay.ru/artbarocco/rembrandt_33.html
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Отречение Петра (картина Рембрандта) — Википедия
| |
| Рембрандт | |
| Отречение Петра. 1660 | |
| De verloochening van Petrus | |
| Холст, масло. 154 × 169 см | |
| Государственный музей, Амстердам | |
| (инв. SK-A-3137) | |
 Изображения на Викискладе |
«Отречение Петра» (нидерл. De verloochening van Petrus) — картина голландского художника Рембрандта на библейскую тему, написанная в 1660 году. Находится в Государственном музее Амстердама.
Содержание
- 1 Сюжет
- 2 История
- 3 Описание
- 4 См. также
- 5 Литература
- 6 Ссылки
На картине изображён момент отречения апостола Петра, один из эпизодов Страстей Христовых. Во время тайной вечери Христос предсказал Петру, что тот трижды отречётся от него сегодня, прежде чем запоёт петух.
История[
ru.bywiki.com
Описание картины Рембрандта «Отречение Петра» Картины художников
Мрачная картина в коричневых тонах, слабо освящаемая пламенем свечи, демонстрирует один из известных религиозных сюжетов. «Отречение Петра» значится в Евангелиях четырех апостолов. Новозаветный эпизод всегда описывается одинаково.
На тайной вечере из уст Иисуса звучит предсказание о скором предательстве всех его учеников. Петр будет отрекаться от любимого учителя трижды. Не верил верный до сих пор апостол в сказанное Христом, но сказанному суждено было сбыться. И, схваченный ночью солдатами, Петр отрицает знакомство с Иисусом, чтобы не быть схваченным ими.
Рембрандт гениально воплотил на холсте эпизод Страстей Христовых. Изображенное на картине сюжетно делится на два плана. Позади угадываются очертания Спасителя, смотрящего в сторону зрителя и Петра. Он повернут к нам спиной, где видны
связанные руки. Рядом – арестовавший его военный.
Передний план повествует о моменте предательства ученика. Взгляд его испуганный. Положением тела он выказывает желание устраниться от неожиданной облавы. Бесцеремонная служанка, чувствуя себя уверенной под защитой расположившихся за ней двух солдат, дерзко облокачивается левой рукой о плечо подозреваемого, другой рукой освещая его лицо свечой.
Одухотворенный лик пойманного верующего красив и полон достоинства: прямой нос, умные глаза, благородная седина бороды. Его светлые одеяния намекают на принадлежность к добрым силам.
Петр впоследствии раскается в совершенном отречении и заслужит прощение. Солдаты же больше погружены во тьму. Один из них сидит, сложив доспехи, и с подозрением взирает на встреченного мужчину.
Картина написана в 1660 году в традициях господствовавшего барокко. Мастерски сопоставив свет и тень, Рембрандт передал зрителям целостный многофигурный библейский сюжет.
Прислал: Фомина Анастасия . 2017-10-08 22:16:33
Отречение Петра (картина Рембрандта) — Википедия (с комментариями)
Материал из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии
К:Картины 1660 года«Отречение Петра» (нидерл. De verloochening van Petrus) — картина голландского художника Рембрандта на библейскую тему, написанная в 1660 году. Находится в Государственном музее Амстердама.
Сюжет
На картине изображён момент отречения апостола Петра, один из эпизодов Страстей Христовых. Во время тайной вечери Христос предсказал Петру, что тот трижды отречётся от него сегодня, прежде чем запоёт петух.
История
Полотно долгое время находилось в Париже. Сначала оно принадлежало маркизу де Войеру, затем графу де Ванс (1760—1760) и графу де Бодуин (1780—1780). Затем картину приобрела императрица Екатерина Великая для своей коллекции в Санкт-Петербурге. До 1933 года картина была в Эрмитаже. При распродаже картин Эрмитажа в 1930-х годах это полотно было приобретено музеем Амстердама и с 1933 года входит в его коллекцию.
Описание
Служанка держит свечу, освещая лицо Петра, чтобы удостовериться, что он был с Иисусом, но Пётр отрицает это. На переднем плане Рембрандт изобразил служанку с солдатами и отрекающегося Петра, а на заднем плане в правом верхнем углу — Христа со связанными сзади руками, который может лишь наблюдать предательство перед тем, как его уведут.
См. также
Напишите отзыв о статье "Отречение Петра (картина Рембрандта)"
Литература
- Roberta D’Adda, Rembrandt, Milano, Skira, 2006.
Ссылки
- [www.rkd.nl/rkddb/(rsy5iy2xpba0pg55eoqfwpn2)/detail.aspx De verloochening van Petrus (Mattheus 26:69-75)]
- [www.rijksmuseum.nl/ Государственный музей в Амстердаме. Официальный сайт.]
Отрывок, характеризующий Отречение Петра (картина Рембрандта)
– Знаете что, мой милый, – сказал Билибин, входя к нему в комнату. – Я подумал об вас. Зачем вы поедете? И в доказательство неопровержимости этого довода складки все сбежали с лица. Князь Андрей вопросительно посмотрел на своего собеседника и ничего не ответил. – Зачем вы поедете? Я знаю, вы думаете, что ваш долг – скакать в армию теперь, когда армия в опасности. Я это понимаю, mon cher, c'est de l'heroisme. [мой дорогой, это героизм.] – Нисколько, – сказал князь Андрей. – Но вы un philoSophiee, [философ,] будьте же им вполне, посмотрите на вещи с другой стороны, и вы увидите, что ваш долг, напротив, беречь себя. Предоставьте это другим, которые ни на что более не годны… Вам не велено приезжать назад, и отсюда вас не отпустили; стало быть, вы можете остаться и ехать с нами, куда нас повлечет наша несчастная судьба. Говорят, едут в Ольмюц. А Ольмюц очень милый город. И мы с вами вместе спокойно поедем в моей коляске. – Перестаньте шутить, Билибин, – сказал Болконский. – Я говорю вам искренно и дружески. Рассудите. Куда и для чего вы поедете теперь, когда вы можете оставаться здесь? Вас ожидает одно из двух (он собрал кожу над левым виском): или не доедете до армии и мир будет заключен, или поражение и срам со всею кутузовскою армией. И Билибин распустил кожу, чувствуя, что дилемма его неопровержима. – Этого я не могу рассудить, – холодно сказал князь Андрей, а подумал: «еду для того, чтобы спасти армию». – Mon cher, vous etes un heros, [Мой дорогой, вы – герой,] – сказал Билибин.В ту же ночь, откланявшись военному министру, Болконский ехал в армию, сам не зная, где он найдет ее, и опасаясь по дороге к Кремсу быть перехваченным французами. В Брюнне всё придворное население укладывалось, и уже отправлялись тяжести в Ольмюц. Около Эцельсдорфа князь Андрей выехал на дорогу, по которой с величайшею поспешностью и в величайшем беспорядке двигалась русская армия. Дорога была так запружена повозками, что невозможно было ехать в экипаже. Взяв у казачьего начальника лошадь и казака, князь Андрей, голодный и усталый, обгоняя обозы, ехал отыскивать главнокомандующего и свою повозку. Самые зловещие слухи о положении армии доходили до него дорогой, и вид беспорядочно бегущей армии подтверждал эти слухи.
wiki-org.ru
Отречение Петра (картина Рембрандта) - WikiVisually
1. Рембрандт – Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was a Dutch draughtsman, painter, and printmaker. A prolific and versatile master across three media, he is considered one of the greatest visual artists in the history of art. Having achieved youthful success as a painter, Rembrandts later years were marked by personal tragedy. Yet his etchings and paintings were popular throughout his lifetime, his reputation as an artist remained high, Rembrandts portraits of his contemporaries, self-portraits and illustrations of scenes from the Bible are regarded as his greatest creative triumphs. His self-portraits form a unique and intimate biography, in which the artist surveyed himself without vanity and his reputation as the greatest etcher in the history of the medium was established in his lifetime, and never questioned since. Few of his paintings left the Dutch Republic whilst he lived, but his prints were circulated throughout Europe, because of his empathy for the human condition, he has been called one of the great prophets of civilization. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was born on 15 July 1606 in Leiden, in the Dutch Republic and he was the ninth child born to Harmen Gerritszoon van Rijn and Neeltgen Willemsdochter van Zuijtbrouck. His family was quite well-to-do, his father was a miller, religion is a central theme in Rembrandts paintings and the religiously fraught period in which he lived makes his faith a matter of interest. His mother was Roman Catholic, and his father belonged to the Dutch Reformed Church, unlike many of his contemporaries who traveled to Italy as part of their artistic training, Rembrandt never left the Dutch Republic during his lifetime. He opened a studio in Leiden in 1624 or 1625, which he shared with friend, in 1627, Rembrandt began to accept students, among them Gerrit Dou in 1628. In 1629, Rembrandt was discovered by the statesman Constantijn Huygens, as a result of this connection, Prince Frederik Hendrik continued to purchase paintings from Rembrandt until 1646. He initially stayed with an art dealer, Hendrick van Uylenburgh, Saskia came from a good family, her father had been a lawyer and the burgemeester of Leeuwarden. When Saskia, as the youngest daughter, became an orphan, Rembrandt and Saskia were married in the local church of St. Annaparochie without the presence of Rembrandts relatives. In the same year, Rembrandt became a burgess of Amsterdam and he also acquired a number of students, among them Ferdinand Bol and Govert Flinck. In 1635 Rembrandt and Saskia moved into their own house, renting in fashionable Nieuwe Doelenstraat, in 1639 they moved to a prominent newly built house in the upscale Breestraat, today known as Jodenbreestraat in what was becoming the Jewish quarter, then a young upcoming neighborhood. The mortgage to finance the 13,000 guilder purchase would be a cause for later financial difficulties. Rembrandt should easily have been able to pay the house off with his income, but it appears his spending always kept pace with his income. It was there that Rembrandt frequently sought his Jewish neighbors to model for his Old Testament scenes, in 1640, they had a second daughter, also named Cornelia, who died after living barely over a month
2. Амстердам – Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its status as the capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands, although it is not the seat of the government, which is The Hague. Amsterdam has a population of 851,373 within the city proper,1,351,587 in the urban area, the city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. The metropolitan area comprises much of the part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe. Amsterdams name derives from Amstelredamme, indicative of the citys origin around a dam in the river Amstel, during that time, the city was the leading centre for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned, the 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19–20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe, Amsterdam is considered a world city by the Globalization. The city is also the capital of the Netherlands. Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there, and seven of the worlds 500 largest companies, including Philips and ING, are based in the city. In 2012, Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit and 12th globally on quality of living for environment, the city was ranked 3rd in innovation by Australian innovation agency 2thinknow in their Innovation Cities Index 2009. The Amsterdam seaport to this day remains the second in the country, famous Amsterdam residents include the diarist Anne Frank, artists Rembrandt van Rijn and Vincent van Gogh, and philosopher Baruch Spinoza. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in the world, is located in the city center. After the floods of 1170 and 1173, locals near the river Amstel built a bridge over the river, the earliest recorded use of that name is in a document dated October 27,1275, which exempted inhabitants of the village from paying bridge tolls to Count Floris V. This allowed the inhabitants of the village of Aemstelredamme to travel freely through the County of Holland, paying no tolls at bridges, locks, the certificate describes the inhabitants as homines manentes apud Amestelledamme. By 1327, the name had developed into Aemsterdam, Amsterdam is much younger than Dutch cities such as Nijmegen, Rotterdam, and Utrecht. In October 2008, historical geographer Chris de Bont suggested that the land around Amsterdam was being reclaimed as early as the late 10th century. This does not necessarily mean there was already a settlement then, since reclamation of land may not have been for farming—it may have been for peat. Amsterdam was granted city rights in either 1300 or 1306, from the 14th century on, Amsterdam flourished, largely from trade with the Hanseatic League
3. Нидерланды – The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
4. Отречение апостола Петра – The Denial of Peter refers to three acts of denial of Jesus by the Apostle Peter as described in all four Gospels of the New Testament. Following the arrest of Jesus, Peter denied knowing him thrice, Peter then began to cry bitterly. This final incident is known as the Repentance of Peter, the emotional turmoil and turbulent emotions behind Peters denial and later repentance have been the subject of major works of art for centuries. Examples include Caravaggios Denial of Saint Peter, which is now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the incidents have also inspired segments in various films related to the life and death of Jesus Christ as well as references in musical works, both religious and secular. According to the Gospel of Matthew, Peter replied, Even if all fall away on account of you, I tell you the truth, Jesus answered, This very night, before the rooster crows, you will disown me three times. But Peter declared, Even if I have to die with you, and all the other disciples said the same. Later that night, Jesus was arrested, the first denial to a servant girl in Luke 22, 54-57 is as follows, Then they seized him and led him away, bringing him into the high priests house. Peter followed at a distance and when they had kindled a fire in the middle of the courtyard and had sat down together, Peter sat down with them, a servant girl saw him seated there in the firelight. She looked closely at him and said, This man was with him, woman, I dont know him, he said. The second denial to the girl in Mark 14, 69-70 is, When the servant girl saw him there, she said again to those standing around. Then he began to call down curses on himself and he swore to them, Then Peter remembered the word Jesus had spoken, Before the rooster crows, you will disown me three times. And he went outside and wept bitterly, the Gospel of Luke 22, 59-62 describes the moment of the last denial as follows, About an hour later another asserted, Certainly this fellow was with him, for he is a Galilean. Peter replied, Man, I dont know youre talking about. Just as he was speaking, the rooster crowed, the Lord turned and looked straight at Peter. Then Peter remembered the word the Lord had spoken to him, Before the rooster crows today, and he went outside and wept bitterly. The Gospel of John 18, 13-27 describes the account of the three denials as follows, Simon Peter and another disciple were following Jesus. Because this disciple was known to the high priest, he went with Jesus into the high priest’s courtyard, the other disciple, who was known to the high priest, came back, spoke to the girl on duty there and brought Peter in. You are not one of his disciples, are you, the girl at the door asked Peter
5. Страсти Христовы – Those parts of the four Gospels that describe these events, as well as the non-canonical Gospel of Peter, are known as the Passion narratives. In the liturgical calendar of the Roman Catholic Church, the Passion is commemorated in Holy Week, beginning on Friday of Sorrows, the Palm Sunday and culminating on his death on Good Friday. The word passion has taken on a more general application and now may also apply to accounts of the suffering and death of Christian martyrs. The accounts of the Passion are found in the four gospels, Matthew, Mark, Luke. Three of these, Matthew, Mark, and Luke, known as the Synoptic Gospels, the Gospel of John accounts varies slightly. The events include, The conspiracy against Jesus by the Jewish Sanhedrin priests, triumphal entry into Jerusalem, his anger and outburst at the Cleansing of the Temple A meal a few days before Passover. He says that for this she always be remembered. In Jerusalem, the Last Supper shared by Jesus and his disciples, Jesus gives final instructions, predicts his betrayal, and tells them all to remember him. On the path to Gethsemane after the meal, Jesus tells them they will all fall away that night, after Peter protests he will not, Jesus says Peter will deny him three times before the cock crows. Gethsemane, later that night, Jesus prays, meanwhile, the disciples rest, during the arrest in Gethsemane, someone takes a sword and cuts off the ear of the high priests servant, Malchus. The high priests palace, later that night, According to Matthews Gospel, the court then spat in his face and struck him with their fists. They then send him to Pontius Pilate, According to the synoptic gospels, the high priest who examines Jesus is Caiaphas, in John, Jesus is also interrogated by Annas, Caiaiphas father-in-law. The courtyard outside the high palace, the same time. Peter has followed Jesus and joined the mob awaiting Jesus’ fate, they suspect he is a sympathizer, suddenly, the cock crows and Peter remembers what Jesus had said. Pilate, the Roman governor, examines Jesus, decides he is innocent, the Jewish leaders and the crowd demand Jesus’ death, Pilate gives them the choice of saving Barabbas, in response to the screaming mob Pilate sends Jesus out to be crucified. According to the Gospel of Matthew, Judas, the betrayer, is filled with remorse, when the high priests say that that is his affair, Judas throws the money into the temple, goes off, and hangs himself. Golgotha, a hill outside Jerusalem, later morning through mid afternoon, the Gospel of Luke states that Pilate sends Jesus to be judged by Herod Antipas because as a Galilean he is under his jurisdiction. Herod is excited at first to see Jesus and hopes Jesus will perform a miracle for him, he asks Jesus several questions, Herod then mocks him and sends him back to Pilate after giving him an elegant robe to wear
6. Тайная вечеря – The Last Supper is the final meal that, in the Gospel accounts, Jesus shared with his Apostles in Jerusalem before his crucifixion. The Last Supper is commemorated by Christians especially on Maundy Thursday, the Last Supper provides the scriptural basis for the Eucharist, also known as Holy Communion or The Lords Supper. The First Epistle to the Corinthians contains the earliest known mention of the Last Supper, during the meal Jesus predicts his betrayal by one of the Apostles present, and foretells that before the next morning, Peter will deny knowing him. Scholars have looked to the Last Supper as the source of early Christian Eucharist traditions, others see the account of the Last Supper as derived from 1st-century eucharistic practice as described by Paul in the mid-50s. The term Last Supper does not appear in the New Testament, most Protestants use the term Lords Supper, stating that the term last suggests this was one of several meals and not the meal. The term Lords Supper refers both to the event and the act of Holy Communion and Eucharistic celebration within their liturgy. Evangelical Protestants also use the term Lords Supper, but most do not use the terms Eucharist or the word Holy with the name Communion, the Eastern Orthodox use the term Mystical Supper which refers both to the biblical event and the act of Eucharistic celebration within liturgy. The last meal that Jesus shared with his disciples is described in all four canonical Gospels and this meal later became known as the Last Supper. The Last Supper was likely a retelling of the events of the last meal of Jesus among the early Christian community, after the meal, Jesus is betrayed, arrested, tried, and then crucified. In Matthew 26, 24-25, Mark 14, 18-21, Luke 22, 21-23 and John 13, 21-30 during the meal and it would be better for him if he had not been born. In Matthew 26, 23-25 and John 13, 26-27, Judas is specifically identified as the traitor. In the Gospel of John, when asked about the traitor, Jesus states, “It is the one to whom I will give this piece of bread when I have dipped it in the dish. ”Then, dipping the piece of bread, he gave it to Judas, the son of Simon Iscariot. As soon as Judas took the bread, Satan entered into him, in the course of the Last Supper, Jesus divides up some bread, says a prayer, and hands the pieces of bread to his disciples, saying this is my body. He then takes a cup of wine, offers another prayer, and hands it around, saying this is my blood of the everlasting covenant, finally, according to Paul and Luke, he tells the disciples do this in remembrance of me. This event has been regarded by Christians of most denominations as the institution of the Eucharist, there is recorded celebration of the Eucharist by the early Christian community in Jerusalem. The institution of the Eucharist is recorded in the three Synoptic Gospels and in Pauls First Epistle to the Corinthians, the words of institution differ slightly in each account. In addition, Luke 22, 19b-20 is a text which does not appear in some of the early manuscripts of Luke. Some scholars, therefore, believe that it is an interpolation, a comparison of the accounts given in the Gospels and 1 Corinthians is shown in the table below, with text from the ASV
7. Париж – Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
8. Екатерина II – Catherine II of Russia, also known as Catherine the Great, was a Russian monarch. She was the female leader of Russia, reigning from 1762 until her death in 1796 at the age of 67. She came to following a coup détat when her husband. Russia was revitalised under her reign, growing larger and stronger than ever, in both her accession to power and in rule of her empire, Catherine often relied on her noble favourites, most notably Grigory Orlov and Grigory Potemkin. In the west, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, ruled by Catherines former lover, king Stanisław August Poniatowski, was eventually partitioned, in the east, Russia started to colonise Alaska, establishing Russian America. Catherine reformed the administration of Russian guberniyas, and many new cities, an admirer of Peter the Great, Catherine continued to modernise Russia along Western European lines. However, military conscription and the continued to depend on serfdom. This was one of the reasons behind several rebellions, including the large-scale Pugachevs Rebellion of cossacks. The period of Catherine the Greats rule, the Catherinian Era, is considered the Golden Age of the Russian Empire. The Manifesto on Freedom of the Nobility, issued during the reign of Peter III and confirmed by Catherine. Construction of many mansions of the nobility, in the classical style endorsed by the Empress and she enthusiastically supported the ideals of The Enlightenment, thus earning the status of an enlightened despot. Catherine was born in Stettin, Pomerania, Kingdom of Prussia as Princess Sophie Friederike Auguste von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, she was nicknamed Figchen. Her father, Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, belonged to the ruling German family of Anhalt, two of her first cousins became Kings of Sweden, Gustav III and Charles XIII. In accordance with the then prevailing in the ruling dynasties of Germany, she received her education chiefly from a French governess. She once wrote to her correspondent Baron Grimm, I see nothing of interest in it, although Catherine was born a princess, her family had very little money. Catherines rise to power was supported by her mothers relatives who were both wealthy nobles and royal relations. Catherine first met Peter III at the age of 10, based on her writings, she found Peter detestable upon meeting him. She disliked his pale complexion and his fondness for alcohol at such a young age, Peter also still played with toy soldiers
9. Санкт-Петербург – Saint Petersburg is Russias second-largest city after Moscow, with five million inhabitants in 2012, and an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea. It is politically incorporated as a federal subject, situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 271703. In 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd, in 1924 to Leningrad, between 1713 and 1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of imperial Russia. In 1918, the government bodies moved to Moscow. Saint Petersburg is one of the cities of Russia, as well as its cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Saint Petersburg is home to The Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world. A large number of consulates, international corporations, banks. Swedish colonists built Nyenskans, a fortress, at the mouth of the Neva River in 1611, in a then called Ingermanland. A small town called Nyen grew up around it, Peter the Great was interested in seafaring and maritime affairs, and he intended to have Russia gain a seaport in order to be able to trade with other maritime nations. He needed a better seaport than Arkhangelsk, which was on the White Sea to the north, on May 1703121703, during the Great Northern War, Peter the Great captured Nyenskans, and soon replaced the fortress. On May 271703, closer to the estuary 5 km inland from the gulf), on Zayachy Island, he laid down the Peter and Paul Fortress, which became the first brick and stone building of the new city. The city was built by conscripted peasants from all over Russia, tens of thousands of serfs died building the city. Later, the city became the centre of the Saint Petersburg Governorate, Peter moved the capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg in 1712,9 years before the Treaty of Nystad of 1721 ended the war, he referred to Saint Petersburg as the capital as early as 1704. During its first few years, the city developed around Trinity Square on the bank of the Neva, near the Peter. However, Saint Petersburg soon started to be built out according to a plan, by 1716 the Swiss Italian Domenico Trezzini had elaborated a project whereby the city centre would be located on Vasilyevsky Island and shaped by a rectangular grid of canals. The project was not completed, but is evident in the layout of the streets, in 1716, Peter the Great appointed French Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond as the chief architect of Saint Petersburg. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences, University and Academic Gymnasium were established in Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great, in 1725, Peter died at the age of fifty-two. His endeavours to modernize Russia had met opposition from the Russian nobility—resulting in several attempts on his life
10. Эрмитаж – The State Hermitage Museum is a museum of art and culture in Saint Petersburg, Russia. One of the largest and oldest museums in the world, it was founded in 1754 by Catherine the Great and has open to the public since 1852. Its collections, of only a small part is on permanent display. The collections occupy a complex of six historic buildings along Palace Embankment, including the Winter Palace. Apart from them, the Menshikov Palace, Museum of Porcelain, Storage Facility at Staraya Derevnya, the museum has several exhibition centers abroad. The Hermitage is a state property. Since July 1992, the director of the museum has been Mikhail Piotrovsky, of the six buildings in the main museum complex, five, namely the Winter Palace, Small Hermitage, Old Hermitage, New Hermitage and Hermitage Theatre, are open to the public. The entrance ticket for foreign tourists more than the fee paid by citizens of Russia. However, entrance is free of charge the first Thursday of every month for all visitors, the museum is closed on Mondays. The entrance for visitors is located in the Winter Palace. A hermitage is the dwelling of a hermit or recluse, the word derives from Old French hermit, ermit hermit, recluse, from Late Latin eremita, from Greek eremites, literally people who live alone, which is in turn derived from ἐρημός, desert. Originally, the building housing the collection was the Small Hermitage. Today, the Hermitage Museum encompasses many buildings on the Palace Embankment, apart from the Small Hermitage, the museum now also includes the Old Hermitage, the New Hermitage, the Hermitage Theatre, and the Winter Palace, the former main residence of the Russian tsars. In recent years, the Hermitage has expanded to the General Staff Building on the Palace Square facing the Winter Palace, the Western European Art collection includes European paintings, sculpture, and applied art from the 13th to the 20th centuries. It is displayed, in about 120 rooms, on the first, drawings and prints are displayed in temporary exhibitions. Since 1940, the Egyptian collection, dating back to 1852 and it serves as a passage to the exhibition of Classical Antiquities. A modest collection of the culture of Ancient Mesopotamia, including a number of Assyrian reliefs from Babylon, Dur-Sharrukin, the collection of Classical Antiquities occupies most of the ground floor of the Old and New Hermitage buildings. Its floor is made of a marble mosaic imitating ancient tradition, while the stucco walls
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