Музей ЧерномырдинаМост Ватерлоо (цикл картин). Картина мост ватерлоо
Мост Ватерлоо (цикл картин) Википедия
Мост Ватерло́о — серия из 41 картины Клода Моне, написанных между 1900 и 1904 гг. Они изображают старый Мост Ватерлоо в Лондоне в разное время суток и в разную погоду. Этот мост был сильно повреждён немецкими бомбардировками во время Второй мировой войны, снесен и на его месте возведен новый мост, сохранивший прежнее имя. Цикл картин входит в серию лондонских пейзажей (общим числом около ста), известную также как «Серия Лондонских туманов»[1], в эту серию также входят циклы картин «Парламент» и «Мост Чаринг-Кросс».
Работа велась во время поездок в Лондон осенью 1899 года, в феврале 1900 года и в феврале—апреле 1901 года. Художника в первую очередь интересовал эффект тумана над Темзой («потрясающего тумана», как он пишет в одном из своих писем) — этот мотив является основным в большинстве его картин цикла. «С каждым днем мне все больше нравится писать Лондон», — писал Моне в 1900 году из Англии своей невестке Бланш.[2]. Моне заканчивал картины уже по возвращении из Лондона в своей мастерской в Живерни.
Картины[ | код]
| Мост Ватерлоо | 1900 | 65 × 93 cm | Художественный музей, Санта-Барбара (Калифорния, США)]] | |
| Мост Ватерлоо, Лондон | 1900 | 65 × 100 cm | Городская галерея Хью Лэйна (Дублин, Ирландия) | |
| Мост Ватерлоо в Лондоне | 1901 | Главное здание полиции Роттердама | ||
ru-wiki.ru
Мост Ватерлоо (цикл картин Моне) Википедия
Мост Ватерло́о — серия из 41 картины Клода Моне, написанных между 1900 и 1904 гг. Они изображают старый Мост Ватерлоо в Лондоне в разное время суток и в разную погоду. Этот мост был сильно повреждён немецкими бомбардировками во время Второй мировой войны, снесен и на его месте возведен новый мост, сохранивший прежнее имя. Цикл картин входит в серию лондонских пейзажей (общим числом около ста), известную также как «Серия Лондонских туманов»[1], в эту серию также входят циклы картин «Парламент» и «Мост Чаринг-Кросс».
Работа велась во время поездок в Лондон осенью 1899 года, в феврале 1900 года и в феврале—апреле 1901 года. Художника в первую очередь интересовал эффект тумана над Темзой («потрясающего тумана», как он пишет в одном из своих писем) — этот мотив является основным в большинстве его картин цикла. «С каждым днем мне все больше нравится писать Лондон», — писал Моне в 1900 году из Англии своей невестке Бланш.[2]. Моне заканчивал картины уже по возвращении из Лондона в своей мастерской в Живерни.
Картины[ | код]
| Мост Ватерлоо | 1900 | 65 × 93 cm | Художественный музей, Санта-Барбара (Калифорния, США)]] | |
| Мост Ватерлоо, Лондон | 1900 | 65 × 100 cm | Городская галерея Хью Лэйна (Дублин, Ирландия) | |
| Мост Ватерлоо в Лондоне | 1901 | Главное здание полиции Роттердама | ||
ru-wiki.ru
| Мост Ватерлоо | 1900 | 65 × 93 cm | Художественный музей, Санта-Барбара Калифорния, США | |
| Мост Ватерлоо, Лондон | 1900 | 65 × 100 cm | Городская галерея Хью Лэйна Дублин, Ирландия | |
| Мост Ватерлоо в Лондоне | 1901 | Главное здание полиции Роттердама | ||
| Мост Ватерлоо в Лондоне | 1902 | 66 × 100 cm | Национальный музей западного искусства Токио, Япония | |
| Мост Ватерлоо | 1903 | 86 × 121 cm | Художественный музей Денвер Колорадо, США | |
| Мост Ватерлоо Эффект тумана | 1903 | 65,3 × 101 cm | Государственный Эрмитаж Санкт-Петербург, Россия3 | |
| Мост Ватерлоо в Сумерках | 1903 | Национальная галерея искусства Вашингтон, США | ||
| Мост Ватерлоо, серый день | 1903 | Национальная галерея искусства Вашингтон, США | ||
| Мост Ватерлоо, солнечный свет сквозь туман | 1903 | 74 × 100 cm | Национальная галерея Канады Оттава, Канада | |
| Мост Ватерлоо, облачно | 1903 | 65 × 100 cm | Музей Ордрупгаард Копенгаген, Дания | |
| Мост Ватерлоо, эффект солнечного света | 1903 | 65 × 100 cm | Художественный музей Макмастера, Гамильтон Онтарио, Канада | |
| Мост Ватерлоо в пасмурную погоду | 1904 | Частная коллекция4 | ||
| Мост Ватерлоо | Музей искусств Мацусита Кирисима, Япония | |||
| Мост Ватерлоо, мутное солнце | 1903 | 64,7 × 99,7 | Художественная галерея Рочестер, Нью-Йорк, США |
| Мост Ватерлоо | 1900 | 65 × 93 cm | Художественный музей, Санта-Барбара (Калифорния, США)]] | |
| Мост Ватерлоо, Лондон | 1900 | 65 × 100 cm | Городская галерея Хью Лэйна (Дублин, Ирландия) | |
| Мост Ватерлоо в Лондоне | 1901 | Главное здание полиции Роттердама | ||
| Мост Ватерлоо в Лондоне | 1902 | 66 × 100 cm | Национальный музей западного искусства (Токио, Япония) | |
| Мост Ватерлоо | 1903 | 86 × 121 cm | Художественный музей Денвер (Колорадо, США) | |
| Мост Ватерлоо. Эффект тумана | 1903 | 65,3 × 101 cm | Государственный Эрмитаж (Санкт-Петербург, Россия)[3] | |
| Мост Ватерлоо в Сумерках | 1903 | Национальная галерея искусства (Вашингтон, США) | ||
| Мост Ватерлоо, серый день | 1903 | Национальная галерея искусства (Вашингтон, США) | ||
| Мост Ватерлоо, солнечный свет сквозь туман | 1903 | 74 × 100 cm | Национальная галерея Канады (Оттава, Канада) | |
| Мост Ватерлоо, облачно | 1903 | 65 × 100 cm | Музей Ордрупгаард (Копенгаген, Дания) | |
| Мост Ватерлоо, эффект солнечного света | 1903 | 65 × 100 cm | Художественный музей Макмастера, Гамильтон (Онтарио, Канада) | |
| Мост Ватерлоо в пасмурную погоду | 1904 | Частная коллекция[4] | ||
| Мост Ватерлоо | Музей искусств Мацусита (Кирисима, Япония) | |||
| Мост Ватерлоо, мутное солнце | 1903 | 64,7 × 99,7 | Художественная галерея (Рочестер, Нью-Йорк, США) |
ru.wikibedia.ru
Мост Ватерлоо (цикл картин) - Вики
Мост Ватерло́о — серия из 41 картины Клода Моне, написанных между 1900 и 1904 гг. Они изображают старый Мост Ватерлоо в Лондоне в разное время суток и в разную погоду. Этот мост был сильно повреждён немецкими бомбардировками во время Второй мировой войны, снесен и на его месте возведен новый мост, сохранивший прежнее имя. Цикл картин входит в серию лондонских пейзажей (общим числом около ста), известную также как «Серия Лондонских туманов»[1], в эту серию также входят циклы картин «Парламент» и «Мост Чаринг-Кросс».
Работа велась во время поездок в Лондон осенью 1899 года, в феврале 1900 года и в феврале—апреле 1901 года. Художника в первую очередь интересовал эффект тумана над Темзой («потрясающего тумана», как он пишет в одном из своих писем) — этот мотив является основным в большинстве его картин цикла. «С каждым днем мне все больше нравится писать Лондон», — писал Моне в 1900 году из Англии своей невестке Бланш.[2]. Моне заканчивал картины уже по возвращении из Лондона в своей мастерской в Живерни.
Картины
| Мост Ватерлоо | 1900 | 65 × 93 cm | Художественный музей, Санта-Барбара (Калифорния, США)]] | |
| Мост Ватерлоо, Лондон | 1900 | 65 × 100 cm | Городская галерея Хью Лэйна (Дублин, Ирландия) | |
| Мост Ватерлоо в Лондоне | 1901 | Главное здание полиции Роттердама | ||
ru.wikiredia.com
Мост Ватерлоо (цикл картин) - WikiVisually
1. Холст – Canvas is an extremely durable plain-woven fabric used for making sails, tents, marquees, backpacks, and other items for which sturdiness is required. It is also used by artists as a painting surface. It is also used in such objects as handbags, electronic device cases. The word canvas is derived from the 13th century Anglo-French canevaz, both may be derivatives of the Vulgar Latin cannapaceus for made of hemp, originating from the Greek κάνναβις. Modern canvas is made of cotton or linen, although. It differs from other cotton fabrics, such as denim. Canvas comes in two types, plain and duck. The threads in duck canvas are more tightly woven, the term duck comes from the Dutch word for cloth, doek. In the United States, canvas is classified in two ways, by weight and by a number system. The numbers run in reverse of the weight so a number 10 canvas is lighter than number 4, canvas has become the most common support medium for oil painting, replacing wooden panels. One of the earliest surviving oils on canvas is a French Madonna with angels from around 1410 in the Gemäldegalerie, however, panel painting remained more common until the 16th century in Italy and the 17th century in Northern Europe. Mantegna and Venetian artists were among those leading the change, Venetian sail canvas was readily available, as lead-based paint is poisonous, care has to be taken in using it. Early canvas was made of linen, a sturdy brownish fabric of considerable strength, linen is particularly suitable for the use of oil paint. In the early 20th century, cotton canvas, often referred to as cotton duck, linen is composed of higher quality material, and remains popular with many professional artists, especially those who work with oil paint. Cotton duck, which stretches more fully and has an even, mechanical weave, the advent of acrylic paint has greatly increased the popularity and use of cotton duck canvas. Linen and cotton derive from two different plants, the flax plant and the cotton plant, respectively. Gessoed canvases on stretchers are also available and they are available in a variety of weights, light-weight is about 4 oz or 5 oz, medium-weight is about 7 oz or 8 oz, heavy-weight is about 10 oz or 12 oz. They are prepared with two or three coats of gesso and are ready for use straight away, artists desiring greater control of their painting surface may add a coat or two of their preferred gesso
2. Масло – An oil is any neutral, nonpolar chemical substance that is a viscous liquid at ambient temperatures and is both hydrophobic and lipophilic. Oils have a carbon and hydrogen content and are usually flammable. The general definition of oil includes classes of compounds that may be otherwise unrelated in structure, properties. Oils may be animal, vegetable, or petrochemical in origin and they are used for food, fuel, medical purposes, lubrication, and the manufacture of many types of paints, plastics, and other materials. Specially prepared oils are used in religious ceremonies and rituals as purifying agents. First attested in English 1176, the oil comes from Old French oile, from Latin oleum, which in turn comes from the Greek ἔλαιον, olive oil, oil. The earliest attested forms of the word are the Mycenaean Greek
3. Санкт-Петербург – Saint Petersburg is Russias second-largest city after Moscow, with five million inhabitants in 2012, and an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea. It is politically incorporated as a federal subject, situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 271703. In 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd, in 1924 to Leningrad, between 1713 and 1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of imperial Russia. In 1918, the government bodies moved to Moscow. Saint Petersburg is one of the cities of Russia, as well as its cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Saint Petersburg is home to The Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world. A large number of consulates, international corporations, banks. Swedish colonists built Nyenskans, a fortress, at the mouth of the Neva River in 1611, in a then called Ingermanland. A small town called Nyen grew up around it, Peter the Great was interested in seafaring and maritime affairs, and he intended to have Russia gain a seaport in order to be able to trade with other maritime nations. He needed a better seaport than Arkhangelsk, which was on the White Sea to the north, on May 1703121703, during the Great Northern War, Peter the Great captured Nyenskans, and soon replaced the fortress. On May 271703, closer to the estuary 5 km inland from the gulf), on Zayachy Island, he laid down the Peter and Paul Fortress, which became the first brick and stone building of the new city. The city was built by conscripted peasants from all over Russia, tens of thousands of serfs died building the city. Later, the city became the centre of the Saint Petersburg Governorate, Peter moved the capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg in 1712,9 years before the Treaty of Nystad of 1721 ended the war, he referred to Saint Petersburg as the capital as early as 1704. During its first few years, the city developed around Trinity Square on the bank of the Neva, near the Peter. However, Saint Petersburg soon started to be built out according to a plan, by 1716 the Swiss Italian Domenico Trezzini had elaborated a project whereby the city centre would be located on Vasilyevsky Island and shaped by a rectangular grid of canals. The project was not completed, but is evident in the layout of the streets, in 1716, Peter the Great appointed French Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond as the chief architect of Saint Petersburg. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences, University and Academic Gymnasium were established in Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great, in 1725, Peter died at the age of fifty-two. His endeavours to modernize Russia had met opposition from the Russian nobility—resulting in several attempts on his life
4. Моне, Клод – Monets ambition of documenting the French countryside led him to adopt a method of painting the same scene many times in order to capture the changing of light and the passing of the seasons. From 1883 Monet lived in Giverny, where he purchased a house and property, Claude Monet was born on 14 November 1840 on the fifth floor of 45 rue Laffitte, in the 9th arrondissement of Paris. He was the son of Claude Adolphe Monet and Louise Justine Aubrée Monet. On 20 May 1841, he was baptized in the parish church, Notre-Dame-de-Lorette, as Oscar-Claude. Despite being baptized Catholic, Monet later became an atheist, in 1845, his family moved to Le Havre in Normandy. His father wanted him to go into the familys ship-chandling and grocery business and his mother was a singer, and supported Monets desire for a career in art. On 1 April 1851, Monet entered Le Havre secondary school of the arts, locals knew him well for his charcoal caricatures, which he would sell for ten to twenty francs. Monet also undertook his first drawing lessons from Jacques-François Ochard, a student of Jacques-Louis David. On the beaches of Normandy around 1856 he met fellow artist Eugène Boudin, Boudin taught Monet en plein air techniques for painting. Both received the influence of Johan Barthold Jongkind, on 28 January 1857, his mother died. At the age of sixteen, he left school and went to live with his widowed, childless aunt, when Monet traveled to Paris to visit the Louvre, he witnessed painters copying from the old masters. Having brought his paints and other tools with him, he would go and sit by a window. Monet was in Paris for several years and met other painters, including Édouard Manet and others who would become friends. After drawing a low number in March 1861, Monet was drafted into the First Regiment of African Light Cavalry in Algeria for a seven-year period of military service. His prosperous father could have purchased Monets exemption from conscription but declined to do so when his son refused to give up painting. While in Algeria Monet did only a few sketches of scenes, a single landscape. In a Le Temps interview of 1900 however he commented that the light, after about a year of garrison duty in Algiers, Monet contracted typhoid fever and briefly went absent without leave. Following convalescence, Monets aunt intervened to get him out of the army if he agreed to complete a course at an art school and it is possible that the Dutch painter Johan Barthold Jongkind, whom Monet knew, may have prompted his aunt on this matter
5. Мост Ватерлоо – Waterloo Bridge is a road and foot traffic bridge crossing the River Thames in London, between Blackfriars Bridge and Hungerford Bridge. Its name commemorates the victory of the British, the Dutch, thanks to its location at a strategic bend in the river, the views from the bridge are widely held to be the finest from any spot in London at ground level. The first bridge on the site was designed in 1809–10 by John Rennie for the Strand Bridge Company, before its opening it was known as the Strand Bridge. During the 1840s the bridge gained a reputation as a place for suicide attempts. In 1841 the American daredevil Samuel Gilbert Scott was killed performing a act in which he hung by a rope from a scaffold on the bridge. In 1844 Thomas Hood wrote the poem The Bridge of Sighs, paintings of the bridge were created by the French Impressionist Claude Monet and the English Romantic John Constable. The bridge was nationalised in 1878 and placed under the control of the Metropolitan Board of Works, Michael Faraday tried in 1832 to measure the potential difference between each side of the bridge caused by the ebbing salt water flowing through the Earths magnetic field. From 1884 serious problems were found in Rennies bridge piers, after scour from the river flow after Old London Bridge was demolished damaged their foundations. In 1925, a steel framework was built on top of the existing bridge. London County Council decided to demolish the bridge and replace it with a new designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott. The engineers were Ernest Buckton and John Cuerel of Rendel Palmer & Tritton, Scott, by his own admission, was no engineer and his design, with reinforced concrete beams under the footways, leaving the road to be supported by transverse slabs, was difficult to implement. The beams were shaped to look as much like arches as and they are clad in Portland stone, which cleans itself whenever it rains. To guard against the possibility of further subsidence from scour each pier was given a number of jacks that can be used to level the structure, the new bridge was partially opened on Tuesday 11 March 1942 and was completed in 1945. It is the only Thames bridge to have been damaged by German bombers during the Second World War, the building contractor was Peter Lind & Company Limited. It is frequently asserted that the force was largely female. Granite stones from the bridge were subsequently presented to various parts of the British world to further historic links in the British Commonwealth of Nations. The monument, built in 1945, is on Queens Wharf and it includes a bronze likeness of Paddy, a drinking fountain and drinking bowls below for dogs. The north end of the bridge passes above the Victoria Embankment where the road joins the Strand and this end housed the southern portal of the Kingsway Tramway Subway until the late 1950s
6. Лондон – London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
7. Вторая мировая война – World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
8. Туман – Fog consists of visible cloud water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near the Earths surface. Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud and is influenced by nearby bodies of water, topography. In turn, fog has affected many human activities, such as shipping, travel, the term fog is typically distinguished from the more generic term cloud in that fog is low-lying, and the moisture in the fog is often generated locally. By definition, fog reduces visibility to less than 1 kilometre, for aviation purposes in the UK, a visibility of less than 5 kilometres but greater than 999 metres is considered to be mist if the relative humidity is 70% or greater, below 70%, haze is reported. Fog forms when the difference between air temperature and dew point is less than 2.5 °C or 4 °F, Fog begins to form when water vapor condenses into tiny liquid water droplets suspended in the air. Water vapor normally begins to condense on condensation nuclei such as dust, ice, Fog, like its elevated cousin stratus, is a stable cloud deck which tends to form when a cool, stable air mass is trapped underneath a warm air mass. Fog normally occurs at a relative humidity near 100% and this occurs from either added moisture in the air, or falling ambient air temperature. However, fog can form at lower humidities, and can fail to form with relative humidity at 100%. At 100% relative humidity, the air cannot hold additional moisture, thus, Fog can form suddenly and can dissipate just as rapidly. The sudden formation of fog is known as flash fog, Fog commonly produces precipitation in the form of drizzle or very light snow. Drizzle occurs when the humidity of fog attains 100% and the cloud droplets begin to coalesce into larger droplets. This can occur when the fog layer is lifted and cooled sufficiently, drizzle becomes freezing drizzle when the temperature at the surface drops below the freezing point. The inversion boundary varies its altitude primarily in response to the weight of the air above it, the marine layer, and any fogbank it may contain, will be squashed when the pressure is high, and conversely, may expand upwards when the pressure above it is lowering. Fog can form in a number of ways, depending on how the cooling that caused the condensation occurred, radiation fog is formed by the cooling of land after sunset by thermal radiation in calm conditions with clear sky. The warm ground produces condensation in the air by heat conduction. In perfect calm the fog layer can be less than a meter deep, radiation fogs occur at night, and usually do not last long after sunrise, but they can persist all day in the winter months especially in areas bounded by high ground. Radiation fog is most common in autumn and early winter, examples of this phenomenon include the Tule fog. Ground fog is fog that obscures less than 60% of the sky, advection fog occurs when moist air passes over a cool surface by advection and is cooled
9. Темза – The River Thames is a river that flows through southern England, most notably through London. At 215 miles, it is the longest river entirely in England and it also flows through Oxford, Reading, Henley-on-Thames and Windsor. The lower reaches of the river are called the Tideway, derived from its tidal reach up to Teddington Lock. It rises at Thames Head in Gloucestershire, and flows into the North Sea via the Thames Estuary, the Thames drains the whole of Greater London. Its tidal section, reaching up to Teddington Lock, includes most of its London stretch and has a rise, in Scotland, the Tay achieves more than double the average discharge from a drainage basin that is 60% smaller. Along its course are 45 navigation locks with accompanying weirs and its catchment area covers a large part of South Eastern and a small part of Western England and the river is fed by 38 named tributaries. The river contains over 80 islands, in 2010, the Thames won the largest environmental award in the world – the $350,000 International Riverprize. The Thames, from Middle English Temese, is derived from the Brittonic Celtic name for the river, Tamesas, recorded in Latin as Tamesis and yielding modern Welsh Tafwys Thames. It has also suggested that it is not of Celtic origin. A place by the river, rather than the river itself, indirect evidence for the antiquity of the name Thames is provided by a Roman potsherd found at Oxford, bearing the inscription Tamesubugus fecit. It is believed that Tamesubugus name was derived from that of the river, tamese was referred to as a place, not a river in the Ravenna Cosmography. The rivers name has always pronounced with a simple t /t/, the Middle English spelling was typically Temese. A similar spelling from 1210, Tamisiam, is found in the Magna Carta, the Thames through Oxford is sometimes called the Isis. Ordnance Survey maps still label the Thames as River Thames or Isis down to Dorchester, richard Coates suggests that while the river was as a whole called the Thames, part of it, where it was too wide to ford, was called *lowonida. An alternative, and simpler proposal, is that London may also be a Germanic word, for merchant seamen, the Thames has long been just the London River. Londoners often refer to it simply as the river in such as south of the river. Thames Valley Police is a body that takes its name from the river. The marks of human activity, in cases dating back to Pre-Roman Britain, are visible at various points along the river
10. Англия – England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
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WikiZero - Мост Ватерлоо (цикл картин)
Wikipedia Open wikipedia design.Мост Ватерло́о — серия из 41 картины Клода Моне, написанных между 1900 и 1904 гг. Они изображают старый Мост Ватерлоо в Лондоне в разное время суток и в разную погоду. Этот мост был сильно повреждён немецкими бомбардировками во время Второй мировой войны, снесен и на его месте возведен новый мост, сохранивший прежнее имя. Цикл картин входит в серию лондонских пейзажей (общим числом около ста), известную также как «Серия Лондонских туманов»[1], в эту серию также входят циклы картин «Парламент» и «Мост Чаринг-Кросс».
Работа велась во время поездок в Лондон осенью 1899 года, в феврале 1900 года и в феврале—апреле 1901 года. Художника в первую очередь интересовал эффект тумана над Темзой («потрясающего тумана», как он пишет в одном из своих писем) — этот мотив является основным в большинстве его картин цикла. «С каждым днем мне все больше нравится писать Лондон», — писал Моне в 1900 году из Англии своей невестке Бланш.[2]. Моне заканчивал картины уже по возвращении из Лондона в своей мастерской в Живерни.
| Мост Ватерлоо | 1900 | 65 × 93 cm | Художественный музей, Санта-Барбара (Калифорния, США)]] | |
| Мост Ватерлоо, Лондон | 1900 | 65 × 100 cm | Городская галерея Хью Лэйна (Дублин, Ирландия) | |
| Мост |
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