Музей ЧерномырдинаБерезовая роща. Куинджи березовая роща история создания картины
Архип Иванович Куинджи. "Березовая роща"
"Березовая роща" Куинджи, датированная 1879 годом, произвела огромное впечатление на современников и по сей день является едва ли не самым знаменитым произведением художника. Безусловно, в русле традиций передвижников картина стала новаторской, ломающей каноны сурового реализма в живописи с его социальной подоплекой сюжетов и трагическими красками.
Березовая роща 1879
"Березовую рощу" называют светлой картиной Куинджи, пронизанной светом, светящейся.Мне думается, что она столь же драматична, как и прочие вещи живописца. За высвеченными солнечными лучами березами переднего плана высится таинственный лес с мрачными переплетениями стволов с массивными темными кронами, между тем как верхушки "передних" берез, наверняка прозрачные, дрожащие, не видны, только угадываются. На самом переднем плане картины лежат густые тени. В целом сгущенных насыщенных красок в картине немало, может быть, однако, меньше, чем во многих других работах Куинджи. Ликующий полдень, обволакивающее тепло солнца, сосредоточенные в центре композиции, приковывают внимание и придают "Березовой роще" какую-то меланхоличность - грусть от того, что скоро день сменится вечером и роща погрузится в темноту.В картине отчетливо прослеживается стилистика модерна с его условной декоративностью - в четкой несколько магической выписанности березовых стволов. Однако от написанной чуть размытыми красками опушки с ее цветущими растениями, пруда, затянутого нежной ряской , веет духом импрессионизма.Березовая роща 1901
Художником были написаны еще несколько картин и эскизов под названием "Березовая роща".Мне нравятся "Березовая роща" - осенний пейзаж и "Березовая роща. Пятна солнечного света" - грустные, совершенно импрессионистические работы с удивительной гармонией золотистого света и охристых цветов рощи, с сияющей полуденной зеленью и переливами солнечных бликов в летней роще с "Пятнами солнечного света".Талантливый контраст с причудливым плотным колоритом - ультрамарина, пурпура и малахита - березовой рощи ночью ("Лес"), написанной в типичной для Куинджи манере, в духе старинных сказок и сказаний.
Березовая роща 1880-е
Березовая роща 1880-е
Березовая роща 1879
Березовая роща Вариант-эскиз одноименной картины 1879 года
Березовая роща. Пятна солнечного света 1890-1895
Фото картин отсюда
classic-art-ru.livejournal.com
Архип Иванович Куинджи Березовая роща: Описание произведения
В 1880 году Архип Куинджи официально вышел из состава Общества передвижников. Разрыв этот сказался на нем самым благотворным образом – именно в начале 80-х художник написал картины, сделавшие его по-настоящему знаменитым. Освободившись от гнета какой-либо идеологии, он вернулся к тому, с чего начинал: ярким радостным краскам, солнечному свету, восторженному преклонению перед красотой природы - всему, что считалось у передвижников едва ли не дурным тоном. Он по-прежнему оставался ярым приверженцем реализма. Но реализм этот был уже иного толка. Публицист Алексей Суворин писал: «Пусть ультрареальные критики утверждают, что художник обязан писать то, что у всех и всегда перед глазами, что каждого влечет во мрак, туман, в грусть, в слякоть, в болото. Это - петербургский, деланный реализм, выросший в кабинете, среди политических передряг, недоразумений, вражды, ненависти... Но действительно художественная натура, но богато одаренный талант пойдет своим путем... Так поступил Куинджи».В 1881-м Архип Куинджи представил публике написанную двумя годами ранее «Березовую рощу». Это снова была моновыставка, Куинджи вновь использовал искусственное освещение – он явно рассчитывал повторить невероятный успех своей «Лунной ночи на Днепре». Полноценной сенсации на этот раз не вышло: «грамотный Петербург» не толкался в километровых очередях, поэты не посвящали «Роще» пронзительных строк, а музыканты не пытались переложить ее на нотный стан. По мнению некоторых биографов, именно поэтому разочарованный Куинджи вскоре после «Рощи» исчез и не выставлял своих новых работ почти 20 лет.Резкая, почти «стереоскопическая» контрастность и невесомая пляска солнца на полыхающих стволах, филигранная работа со светом и тенью и разлитая в воздухе почти былинная поэзия – Куинджи-реалист встречался здесь с Куинджи-импрессионистом. И явно проигрывал бой.
«У нас, правда, не образовалась школа импрессионизма, теоретические воззрения этой школы не только не возникли сами собой, но даже не забрели случайно из Франции, – писал арт-критик Владимр Чуйко. – А между тем у нас-то именно и явился художник, который сразу, инстинктивно и почти в совершенстве осуществил все мечтания импрессионистов».
«Березовая роща» стала очередной жанровой вехой и спровоцировала лавину подражаний – в том числе, в среде признанных состоявшихся мастеров. К примеру, еще один видный «солнцепоклонник» - Владимир Орловский – жаловался Репину, что испытывает нешуточные душевные муки, пытаясь раскрыть «тайну куинджевских красок». Разговоры о «Березовой роще» еще долго не смолкали после того, как Куинджи «сошел со сцены». А определеннее других высказался Иван Иванович Шишкин, который со свойственным ему красноречием резюмировал: «Это - не картина, а с нее картину можно писать».
artchive.ru
Берёзовая роща (картина Куинджи) - WikiVisually
1. Куинджи, Архип Иванович – Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi was a landscape painter of Greek descent. Arkhip Kuindzhi was born in January 1842 in Mariupol but spent his youth in the city of Taganrog and his Christian name is a Russian and Ukrainian rendering of the Greek, Ἄρχιππος, and his surname came from his grandfathers vocational nickname meaning goldsmith in Tatar. He grew up in a family, his father was a Greek shoemaker. Arkhip was six years old when he lost his parents, so he was forced to make a living working at a building site, grazing domestic animals. He received the rudiments of an education from a Greek friend of the family who was a teacher and then went to the local school. In 1855, at age 13–14, Kuindzhi visited Feodosia to study art under Ivan Aivazovsky, however, he was engaged merely with mixing paints and instead studied with Adolf Fessler, Aivazovskys student. English art historian John E. Bowlt wrote that the sense of light and form associated with Aivazovskys sunsets, storms. During the five years from 1860 to 1865, Arkhip Kuindzhi worked as a retoucher in the studio of Simeon Isakovich in Taganrog. He tried to open his own studio, but without success. After that Kuindzhi left Taganrog for Saint Petersburg and he studied painting mainly independently and at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts. In 1872 the artist left the academy and worked as a freelancer, the painting On the Valaam Island was the first artwork which Pavel Tretyakov acquired for his art gallery. In 1873 Kuindzhi exhibited his painting The Snow which received the medal at the International Art Exhibition in London in 1874. In the middle of the 1870s he created a number of paintings in which the motif was designed for concrete social associations in the spirit of Peredvizhniki. In his mature period Kuindzhy aspired to capture the most expressive illuminative aspect of the natural condition and he applied composite receptions, creating panoramic views. Using light effects and intense colors shown in main tones, he depicted the illusion of illumination and his later works are remarkable for their decorative effects of color building. Kuindzhi lectured at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, among his students were artists such as Arkady Rylov, Nicholas Roerich, Konstantin Bogaevsky, and others. Kuindzhi initiated creation of the Society of Artists, manin Arkhip Ivanovich Kuinji, Leningrad,1990, ISBN 5-7370-0098-2 Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi Kuindzhi - Artist of Light
2. Холст – Canvas is an extremely durable plain-woven fabric used for making sails, tents, marquees, backpacks, and other items for which sturdiness is required. It is also used by artists as a painting surface. It is also used in such objects as handbags, electronic device cases. The word canvas is derived from the 13th century Anglo-French canevaz, both may be derivatives of the Vulgar Latin cannapaceus for made of hemp, originating from the Greek κάνναβις. Modern canvas is made of cotton or linen, although. It differs from other cotton fabrics, such as denim. Canvas comes in two types, plain and duck. The threads in duck canvas are more tightly woven, the term duck comes from the Dutch word for cloth, doek. In the United States, canvas is classified in two ways, by weight and by a number system. The numbers run in reverse of the weight so a number 10 canvas is lighter than number 4, canvas has become the most common support medium for oil painting, replacing wooden panels. One of the earliest surviving oils on canvas is a French Madonna with angels from around 1410 in the Gemäldegalerie, however, panel painting remained more common until the 16th century in Italy and the 17th century in Northern Europe. Mantegna and Venetian artists were among those leading the change, Venetian sail canvas was readily available, as lead-based paint is poisonous, care has to be taken in using it. Early canvas was made of linen, a sturdy brownish fabric of considerable strength, linen is particularly suitable for the use of oil paint. In the early 20th century, cotton canvas, often referred to as cotton duck, linen is composed of higher quality material, and remains popular with many professional artists, especially those who work with oil paint. Cotton duck, which stretches more fully and has an even, mechanical weave, the advent of acrylic paint has greatly increased the popularity and use of cotton duck canvas. Linen and cotton derive from two different plants, the flax plant and the cotton plant, respectively. Gessoed canvases on stretchers are also available and they are available in a variety of weights, light-weight is about 4 oz or 5 oz, medium-weight is about 7 oz or 8 oz, heavy-weight is about 10 oz or 12 oz. They are prepared with two or three coats of gesso and are ready for use straight away, artists desiring greater control of their painting surface may add a coat or two of their preferred gesso
3. Масляная живопись – Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments with a medium of drying oil as the binder. Commonly used drying oils include linseed oil, poppy seed oil, walnut oil, the choice of oil imparts a range of properties to the oil paint, such as the amount of yellowing or drying time. Certain differences, depending on the oil, are visible in the sheen of the paints. An artist might use different oils in the same painting depending on specific pigments and effects desired. The paints themselves also develop a particular consistency depending on the medium, the oil may be boiled with a resin, such as pine resin or frankincense, to create a varnish prized for its body and gloss. Its practice may have migrated westward during the Middle Ages, Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. In recent years, water miscible oil paint has come to prominence and, to some extent, water-soluble paints contain an emulsifier that allows them to be thinned with water rather than paint thinner, and allows very fast drying times when compared with traditional oils. Traditional oil painting techniques often begin with the artist sketching the subject onto the canvas with charcoal or thinned paint, Oil paint is usually mixed with linseed oil, artist grade mineral spirits, or other solvents to make the paint thinner, faster or slower-drying. A basic rule of oil paint application is fat over lean and this means that each additional layer of paint should contain more oil than the layer below to allow proper drying. If each additional layer contains less oil, the painting will crack. This rule does not ensure permanence, it is the quality and type of oil leads to a strong. There are many media that can be used with the oil, including cold wax, resins. These aspects of the paint are closely related to the capacity of oil paint. Traditionally, paint was transferred to the surface using paintbrushes. Oil paint remains wet longer than other types of artists materials, enabling the artist to change the color. At times, the painter might even remove a layer of paint. This can be done with a rag and some turpentine for a time while the paint is wet, Oil paint dries by oxidation, not evaporation, and is usually dry to the touch within a span of two weeks. It is generally dry enough to be varnished in six months to a year, art conservators do not consider an oil painting completely dry until it is 60 to 80 years old
4. Государственная Третьяковская галерея – The State Tretyakov Gallery is an art gallery in Moscow, Russia, the foremost depository of Russian fine art in the world. In 1892, Tretyakov presented his famous collection of approximately 2,000 works to the Russian nation. The façade of the building was designed by the painter Viktor Vasnetsov in a peculiar Russian fairy-tale style. It was built in 1902–04 to the south from the Moscow Kremlin, during the 20th century, the gallery expanded to several neighboring buildings, including the 17th-century church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi. In 1977 the Gallery kept a significant part of the George Costakis collection, Pavel Tretyakov started collecting art in the middle of 1850. The founding year of the Tretyakov Gallery is considered to be 1856, schilder and Skirmish with Finnish Smugglers by V. G. Kudyakov, although earlier, in 1854-1855, he had bought 11 graphic sheets and 9 pictures of old Dutch masters, in 1867 the Moscow City Gallery of Pavel and Sergei Tretyakov was opened. The Gallery’s collection consisted of 1,276 paintings,471 sculptures and 10 drawings of Russian artists, in August 1892 Tretyakov presented his art gallery to the city of Moscow as a gift. In the collection at time, there were 1,287 paintings and 518 graphic works of the Russian school,75 paintings and 8 drawings of European schools,15 sculptures. The official opening of the called the Moscow City Gallery of Pavel. The gallery was located in a mansion that the Tretykov family had purchased in 1851. As the Tretyakov collection of art grew, the part of the mansion filled with art and it became necessary to make additions to the mansion in order to store. Additions were made in 1873,1882,1885,1892 and 1902-1904, construction of the façade was managed by the architect A. M. In early 1913, the Moscow City Duma elected Igor Grabar as a trustee of the Tretyakov Gallery, on June 3,1918, the Tretyakov Gallery was declared owned by Russian Federated Soviet Republic and was named the State Tretyakov Gallery. Igor Grabar was again appointed director of the museum, with Grabar’s active participation in the same year, the State Museum Fund was created, which up until 1927 remained one of the most important sources of replenishment of the gallerys collection. In 1926 architect and academician A. V, shchusev became the director of the gallery. In the following year the gallery acquired the house on Maly Tolmachevsky Lane. After restructuring in 1928, it housed the administration, academic departments, library, manuscripts department
5. Москва – Moscow is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.8 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city, Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent. Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth and it is home to the Ostankino Tower, the tallest free standing structure in Europe, the Federation Tower, the tallest skyscraper in Europe, and the Moscow International Business Center. Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia, the city is well known for its architecture, particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basils Cathedral with its brightly colored domes. Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia, being the site of the Moscow Kremlin, the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament also sit in the city and it is recognized as one of the citys landmarks due to the rich architecture of its 200 stations. In old Russian the word also meant a church administrative district. The demonym for a Moscow resident is москвич for male or москвичка for female, the name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the Moskva River. There have been proposed several theories of the origin of the name of the river and its cognates include Russian, музга, muzga pool, puddle, Lithuanian, mazgoti and Latvian, mazgāt to wash, Sanskrit, majjati to drown, Latin, mergō to dip, immerse. There exist as well similar place names in Poland like Mozgawa, the original Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *Москы, *Mosky, hence it was one of a few Slavic ū-stem nouns. From the latter forms came the modern Russian name Москва, Moskva, in a similar manner the Latin name Moscovia has been formed, later it became a colloquial name for Russia used in Western Europe in the 16th–17th centuries. From it as well came English Muscovy, various other theories, having little or no scientific ground, are now largely rejected by contemporary linguists. The surface similarity of the name Russia with Rosh, an obscure biblical tribe or country, the oldest evidence of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the Neolithic. Within the modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered, on the territory of the Kremlin, Sparrow Hills, Setun River and Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc. The earliest East Slavic tribes recorded as having expanded to the upper Volga in the 9th to 10th centuries are the Vyatichi and Krivichi, the Moskva River was incorporated as part of Rostov-Suzdal into the Kievan Rus in the 11th century. By AD1100, a settlement had appeared on the mouth of the Neglinnaya River. The first known reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a place of Yuri Dolgoruky. At the time it was a town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
6. Товарищество передвижных художественных выставок – In 1863 a group of fourteen students decided to leave The Imperial Academy of Arts. The students found the rules of the Academy constraining, the teachers were conservative, in an effort to bring art to the people, the students formed an independent artistic society, The Petersburg Cooperative of Artists. The society maintained independence from support and brought the art. From 1871 to 1923, the society arranged 48 mobile exhibitions in St. Petersburg and Moscow, after which they were shown in Kiev, Kharkov, Kazan, Oryol, Riga, Odessa and other cities. Peredvizhniki were influenced by the views of the literary critics Vissarion Belinsky and Nikolai Chernyshevsky. Belinsky thought that literature and art should attribute a social and moral responsibility, like most Slavophiles, Chernyshevsky ardently supported the emancipation of serfs, which was finally realized in the reform of 1861. He viewed press censorship, serfdom, and capital punishment as Western influences, because of his political activism, officials prohibited publication of any of his writing, including his dissertation, but it eventually found its way to the artworld of nineteenth-century Russia. Peredvizhniki portrayed the many-sided aspects of life, often critical of inequities and injustices. But their art showed not only poverty but also the beauty of the way of life, not only suffering but also fortitude. Peredvizhniki condemned the Russian aristocratic orders and autocratic government in their humanistic art and they portrayed the emancipation movement of Russian people with empathy. They portrayed social-urban life, and later used historic art to depict the common people, during their blossoming, the Peredvizhniki society developed an increasingly wider scope, with more natural and free images. In contrast to the dark palette of the time, they chose a lighter palette. They worked for naturalness in their images, and the depiction of peoples relationship with their surroundings, the society united most of the highly talented artists of the country. Among Peredvizhniki there were artists of Ukraine, Latvia, and Armenia, the society also showed the work of Mark Antokolski, Vasili Vereshchagin, and Andrei Ryabushkin. The work of the critic and democrat Vladimir Stasov was important for the development of Peredvizhnikis art, pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov showed the work of these artists in his gallery and gave them important material and moral support. Landscape painting flourished in the 1870s and 1880s, Peredvizhniki painted mainly landscapes, some, like Polenov, used plein air technique. Two painters, Ivan Shishkin and Isaak Levitan, painted landscapes of Russia. Shishkin is still considered to be the Russian Singer of forest, the Russian landscape gained importance as a national icon after Peredvizhniki
7. Берёза – A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus Betula, in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams. It is closely related to the beech-oak family Fagaceae, the genus Betula contains 30 to 60 known taxa of which 11 are on the IUCN2011 Green List of Threatened Species. They are a typically rather short-lived pioneer species widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in northern temperate, Birch species are generally small to medium-sized trees or shrubs, mostly of northern temperate and boreal climates. The simple leaves are alternate, singly or doubly serrate, feather-veined and they often appear in pairs, but these pairs are really borne on spur-like, two-leaved, lateral branchlets. The fruit is a samara, although the wings may be obscure in some species. They differ from the alders in that the female catkins are not woody and disintegrate at maturity, falling apart to release the seeds, unlike the woody, cone-like female alder catkins. The bark of all birches is characteristically marked with long, horizontal lenticels and its decided color gives the common names gray, white, black, silver and yellow birch to different species. The buds form early and are grown by midsummer, all are lateral, no terminal bud is formed. The wood of all the species is close-grained with satiny texture, staminate aments are pendulous, clustered or solitary in the axils of the last leaves of the branch of the year or near the ends of the short lateral branchlets of the year. They form in autumn and remain rigid during the winter. The scales of the staminate aments when mature are broadly ovate, rounded, yellow or orange color below the middle, each scale bears two bractlets and three sterile flowers, each flower consisting of a sessile, membranaceous, usually two-lobed, calyx. Each calyx bears four short filaments with one-celled anthers or strictly, the pistillate aments are erect or pendulous, solitary, terminal on the two-leaved lateral spur-like branchlets of the year. The pistillate scales are oblong-ovate, three-lobed, pale yellow green often tinged with red and these scales bear two or three fertile flowers, each flower consisting of a naked ovary. The ovary is compressed, two-celled, and crowned with two styles, the ovule is solitary. Each scale bear a small, winged nut that is oval. Betula species are organised into five subgenera, pendula and B. pubescens confused, though they are distinct species with different chromosome numbers. This root is derived from *bʰreh₁ǵ- ‘to shine’, in reference to the birchs white bark. The Proto-Germanic rune berkanan is named after the birch, the generic name betula is from Latin, which is a diminutive borrowed from Gaulish betua
8. Национальный художественный музей Республики Беларусь – The National Art Museum of the Republic of Belarus is a museum in Minsk, Belarus. It is the largest museum in the country, the Museum’s official history begins on January,24 in 1939 when under the Resolution of the Council of Peoples Commissars of Belarus the State Art Gallery has been created in Minsk. At the beginning of 1941 the State Art Gallery’s funds and stocks had already numbered nearly 2711 art works out of four hundred were on exhibition. A long-term work on the description and study of each monument as well as on the creation of the museum collection’s catalogue was to be done, the fate of the whole collection was tragically unfavorable during the first days of the Great Patriotic War. In a short time it would disappear without leaving a trace. After the War merely a part of the works of art was returned. In spite of the devastation, when Minsk lay in ruins. It was already in August 1945 when the canvases by Boris Kustodiev, Vasily Polenov, Karl Briullov, the construction of the new building of the State Art Gallery with the ten spacious halls, occupying two floors and a large gallery, was finished in 1957. In those years the Museum’s collection had reached the pre-war level. The period of the 1970s and the early 1980s was a peak of the Museum’s exhibition activity, the collection of the Belarusian modern painting and graphic arts were taken from the Museum’s funds for exhibitions abroad. Since 1993 the Museum has been called the National Art Museum of the Republic of Belarus
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